N. R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Arti cial Intelligence (ECAI-92), pages 224{ 228, Vienna, Austria, 1992.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... logic has subsequently proved to be so useful for specifying and reasoning about the properties of agents that it has been used in an analysis of conflict and cooperation in multi agent dialogue [24] 23] as well as several studies in the theoretical foundations of cooperative problem solving [45, 38, 39]. This section will focus on the use of the logic in developing a theory of intention. The first step is to lay out the criteria that a theory of intention must satisfy. When building intelligent agents particularly agents that must interact with humans it is important that a rational balance is ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-92), pages 224 228, Vienna, Austria, 1992.

....these pre existing expert systems together so that their problem solving capability is enhanced through sharing useful information among each other. Similar work to couple pre existing systems together can also be found in the research area of multi agent systems. For example, the work of Jennings [31] provides a multiagent architecture for cooperation among possibly pre existing and stand alone systems. ARCHON project [69, 32 34, 85, 7, 35] which Jennings is in charge of, is another example. It provides an architecture for integrating multiple pre existing expert systems to exchange ....

N.R. Jennings, Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving, Proceedings of the tenth European Conference on Arti cial Intelligence, pp. 224-228, 1992.

....as agents have partial descriptions of the environment and of one another. This aspect of our model is presented in section 8. Our social reasoning mechanism may be analyzed in a knowledge level perspective [27] more precisely in one of its extensions called cooperation knowledge level [19]. The matter is to represent and exploit within an agent s mind some aspects related to cooperative problem solving activities, enabling us to explain some di erent types of social interaction, as cooperation. In this work, we don t show how a set of agents solve cooperatively a particular ....

Nicholas R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Bernd Neumann, editor, Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Articial Intelligence, pages 224-228, Vienna, Austria, August 1992. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

.... 1 Introduction Research on multi agent systems focuses on the one hand on theoretical foundations, sometimes not too strongly related with implementable applications, and on the other hand on specific architectures and programming languages, and environments for applications (e.g. see [1] 7] [8], 11] According to our view a clear methodology including a specification method for the development of complex multi agent systems is needed. In this paper we study the possibilities for the development of a high level formal specification language for multi agent systems. The structure ....

Jennings, N.R., Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In B. Neumann (ed.), Proc. 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI'92, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1992, pp. 224-228

....sensing actions, an n action intention at a situation, could be a conditional plan, as in presence of sensing and incompleteness, the unfolding may produce a conditional plan. We discuss this correspondence in further detail in [BG97b] There has been a lot of work on interacting agents [Fis93, Jen92, SBK 93, BS92] Although, we allow exogenous actions, we have not touched upon multiple cooperating agents in this paper. We hope to expand our ideas in this paper to such a case. We believe that in our future work along these lines we will be using the ideas of multi agent planning [Lan89] ....

N.R Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proc. of ECAI 92, pages 224--228, 1992.

....actions, an n action intention at a 57 situation, could be a conditional plan, as in presence of sensing and incompleteness, the unfolding may produce a conditional plan. We discuss this correspondence in further detail in [BG97b] There has been a lot of work on interacting agents [Fis93,Jen92,SBK 93,BS92] Although, we allow exogenous actions, we have not touched upon multiple cooperating agents in this paper. We hope to expand our ideas in this paper to such a case. We believe that in our future work along these lines we will be using the ideas of multi agent planning [Lan89] and ....

N.R Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proc. of ECAI 92, pages 224--228, 1992.

....actions of other agents. To achieve their goals, agents will have to manage these constraints by coordination. In this paper we explore the view that the coordination problem can be tackled by explicitely representing knowledge about the interaction processes taking place among agents. Jennings [5] has coined the term cooperation knowledge level to separate the social interaction know how of agents from their individual problem solving know how and to help focus efforts on coming with principles, theories and tools for dealing with social interactions for problem solving. We investigate ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving. In Proceedings 10-th European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228, 1992.

.... Introduction BDI architectures and theories based on the attitudes of belief, desire, and intention have attracted a lot of attention as appriopriate models of inteligent multi agent systems; see Singh [18] Rao Georgeff [15,17] Wooldridge [20] Muller [10] Sundermeyer et al. [5] and Jennings [9]. Recently, a number of attempts has been made in order to formalize these mental attitudes and to show how they influence the actions of agents [18] 15] Most of these formalisms concentrate on the specification or characterization of rational multi agent systems using different notions of ....

....be almost directly implemented after specifying the states and actions of the asynchronous automaton. Thus, it is somewhere in between Singh [18] Rao Georgeff [15] Wooldridge [20] formalisms and BDI architectures of Muller [10] Rao Georgeff [17] Sundermeyer et al. [5] and Jennings [9]. There are no global states of MAS nor global time in our framework, so that local interactions are efficiently captured in the framework. This may be seen as an advantage of our approach in comparison with the above mentioned approaches that are based on global states. The exception here is the ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proc. of the 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 224-228, Vienna, 1992.

....actions of other agents. To achieve their goals, agents will have to manage these constraints by coordination. In this paper we explore the view that the coordination problem can be tackled by explicitely representing knowledge about the interaction processes taking place among agents. Jennings [8] has coined the term cooperation knowledge level to separate the social interaction know how of agents from their individualproblem solving know how and to help focus efforts on coming with principles, theories and tools for dealing with social interactions for problem solving. We investigate ....

....formalizations have started to address real agents whose reasoning is incomplete or incorrect [2] as well as agents situated in real environments [12] This brings some promise that the gap between system building and theory building may start to close to the benefit of both camps. The work of [9, 8] provided part of the initial motivation for our approach to coordination as a domain of knowledge to be explicitely represented and instrumented. Some conversational concepts have been used by [10, 17, 15] in the context of collaborative and workflow applications. We have extended and modified ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a Cooperation KnowledgeLevel for Collaborative Problem Solving. In Proceedings 10-th European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228, 1992.

....be tackled by recognizing and explicitely representing the knowledge about the interaction processes taking place among agents. As such, Fox [15] has proposed that it be studied as an organization level and applied Organization Theory concepts to characterize this level. More recently, Jennings [21] has coined the term cooperation knowledge level to separate the social interaction know how of agents from their individual problem solving know how and to help focus efforts on coming with principles, theories and tools for dealing with social interactions for problem solving. We also believe ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving. In Proceedings 10-th European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228, 1992.

....agents. This knowledge is about the problem solving competence of multi agent systems as opposed to that of individual agents. As such, Fox [20] has proposed that it be studied as an organization level and applied Organization Theory concepts to characterize this level. More recently, Jennings [30] has coined the term cooperation knowledge level to separate the social interaction know how of agents from their individual problem solving know how and to help focus efforts on coming with principles, theories and tools for dealing with social interactions for problem solving. Previous work ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving. In Proceedings 10-th European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228, 1992.

....be tackled by recognizing and explicitely representing the knowledge about the interaction processes taking place among agents. As such, Fox [16] has proposed that it be studied as an organization level and applied Organization Theory concepts to characterize this level. More recently, Jennings [22] has coined the term cooperation knowledge level to separate the social interaction know how of agents from their individual problem solving know how and to help focus efforts on coming with principles, theories and tools for dealing with social interactions for problem solving. Our contribution ....

N. R. Jennings. Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving. In Proceedings 10-th European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228, 1992.

.... [9] Autonomous agents need to cooperate when they cannot achieve global goals individually, or when individual goals can be achieved with lower costs collectively [1] During the cooperation of agents conAEicts may arise; they are are generally solved by negotiation and coordination strategies [5,15,21]. Nevertheless, social competences are very helpful for agents to reduce occurring conAEicts within an agent society through the reorganisation of the society. The acceptance of an agent by a society depends on the fact that the utility of the society increases. The society disposes a mechanism of ....

N.R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problemsolving. In Proc. 10 th ECAI, pages 224228, Wien, Austria, 1992.

....just explained. Jennings and Campos (1997) identify the third form of social norm adoption above as a basic requirement for autonomous agent systems that they call the individual community balance. It is a constructive and computationally efficient way of attaining socially responsible behaviour (Jennings, 1992) and an attempt at describing the social level of agents. The first two kinds of norm adoption have already been implemented, see Danielson and Ekenberg (1997) but their functionalities relative to the third kind of norm adoption (the group utility constraint) is yet to be examined. A technical ....

Jennings, N. R. (1992). Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving.

....specific details to reveal the core of asocial problem solvers. Since the aim here is to do the same for social agents, N.R. Jennings Artificial Intelligence 117 (2000) 277 296 291 Newell s basic approach appears an obvious point of departure. Thus a new computer level needs to be defined (see [28] for details of the main arguments) This level can be called the social level [32] It should sit immediately above the knowledge level and should provide the social principles and foundations for agent based systems. The primary benefit of developing a social level description is that it enables ....

.... The primary benefit of developing a social level description is that it enables the overall system s behaviour and key conceptual structures to be studied without the need to delve into the implementation details of the individual agents or the specifics of particular interaction protocols [28,32]. Thus prediction of the behaviour of the social agents and of the overall system can be made more easily. To this end, the next section presents a preliminary vision of the social level. 6. A social level view This section presents the outline of a proposal for a social level characterisation ....

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N.R. Jennings, Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving, in: Proc. 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria, 1992, pp. 224--228.

....was in defining the path from the formal model to an implementation level system. In previous work on formal models of cooperation this pathway is rarely explained, let al..one actually traversed 3. 1 Joint Responsibility Joint Responsibility is specified formally using modal, temporal logics [35, 36]. Like several of the extant formal models, Responsibility can be viewed as having two distinct levels. There is a lowlevel language which defines notions such as goals, recipes, actions, inter dependencies and so on. 15 This language is then used to build up higher level concepts such as joint ....

....similar set of principles exist, and should be exploited, for multi agent problem solving. This development process will be enhanced by separating out issues of cooperation from those of individual problem solving and representing them in a distinct computer level. This cooperation knowledge level [36] will concentrate on developing principles and explicit models of various social phenomena (such as cooperation, coordination, hostility, competition and conflicts) as well as the reasoning processes which control them. In Newell s taxonomy of computer system levels, the cooperation level will be ....

N. R. Jennings, Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving, in: Proc. 10th European Conf. on AI, Vienna, Austria (1992) 224-228.

....or that the objective is not relevant because the original motivation is no longer present. Until one of these conditions prevail, agents have a normal achievement goal to bring about the group s objective. This ensures they will strive to ensure the common aim is fulfilled. Joint responsibility [25, 34] extends these ideas to include plan states. Responsibility specifies that each individual should remain committed to achieving the common objective by the commonly agreed solution (individual solution commitment) until one of the following becomes true: the desired outcome of a plan step is ....

....that joint and individual intentions play in the collaborative problem solving process. They are used both to coordinate actions (futuredirected intentions [15] and to control the execution of current ones (present directed intentions [15] Examination of the formal definition of responsibility [34] also reveals that agents need to possess other mentalistic notions particularly prominent are beliefs (information the agent believes to be true of itself, its acquaintances and its external environment) and desires (what the agent wants to achieve) Architectures in which such mental states ....

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N. R. Jennings, Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving, Proc. Tenth European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria (1992) 224-228.

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Jennings, N. R. 1992b. Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving.

....2 unconstrained as to whether it will use G 2 p,1,3 or G 2 p,1,4 . 3.1. 2 Joint Commitments When agents decide to pursue a joint action, they must jointly commit themselves to a joint goal which will bring about the desired state of affairs (Cohen and Levesque, 1991; Grosz and Sidner, 1990; Jennings, 1992; Kinny et al. 1992; Rao et al. 1992; Searle, 1990; Tuomela and Miller, 1988) This joint commitment has all the aforementioned properties of individual commitment, but it has the additional constraint that it involves more than one agent 3 . This means the overall state of the joint ....

Jennings, N. R., (1992) "Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving" Proc. 10th European Conf. on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228.

.... applications (Jennings and Wittig, 1992; Neches et al. 1991) and providing a more natural representation of distributed problems 1 (eg sensor networks (Lesser and Corkill, 1983) air traffic control (Cammarata et al. 1983) information retrieval (Huhns et al. 1988) and electricity networks (Jennings et al. 1992)) Other potential advantages include: reusability of problem solving components by incorporating the same system into several cooperating communities, an increased set or scope of achievable tasks by sharing resources, improved system robustness by undertaking duplicate tasks using different ....

....convention which describes how to react in such circumstances. Also by opting for dynamic logic to combine plan operators, the expressiveness of the planning language is limited. A general purpose goal interdependence operator would remove this shortcoming. 20 The model of Joint Responsibility (Jennings, 1992) also describes joint action in terms of teams of agents. This model extends Cohen and Levesque s work on joint persistent goals (see 2.2.1) and stipulates that agents should make joint commitments to agreed sequences of actions as well as to the shared objective itself. Commitment to the common ....

Jennings, N R, 1992. "Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving", Proc. 10th European Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228.

No context found.

N. R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Arti cial Intelligence (ECAI-92), pages 224{ 228, Vienna, Austria, 1992.

No context found.

N. R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proc. of the 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 224-228, Vienna, 1992.

No context found.

Jennings, N.R., Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving, in B. Neumann (ed.), Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI'92, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1992, pp. 224-228

No context found.

N.R.Jennings, "Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level For Collaborative problem Solving," Proceedings of ECAI'92, pp. 224 - 228, 1992.

No context found.

N. R. Jennings. Towards a Cooperation Knowledge Level for Collaborative Problem Solving. In Proceedings 10-th European Conference on AI, Vienna, Austria, pp 224-228, 1992.

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