C Collet, T Coupaye, and T Svensen. Naos efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an object-oriented database system. In In proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Santiago, Chili, Sep 1994.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....to automatically fire activities in reaction to particular events and circumstances. In the context of software engineering, there are several process center environments which use active rules as a formalism to process model and execution (for instance, the GoodStep platform [Tea94] uses NAOS [CCS94] [CHCA94] as an active rules formalism, SEAMEN [TGD95] uses SAMOS [GGD94] as an active rules formalism and the PERFECT platform [DPL95] uses active rules formalism proposed by the Adele kernel) Active rules formalism is powerful enough to make it possible to model software processes with ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Stevens. Naos Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an object oriented database system. In 20th VLDB, Santiago, Chile, May 1994.

....of the O20DBMS itself. Implementation of the simulation mechanism is currently under development. Future work will address the possibility to simulate constraints defined on a schema. So far, in GOODSTEP, constraints are modeled using the triggers mechanism developed at the University of Grenoble [6]. The work presented in the paper is part of a Computer Aided Schema Update tool suitable for change management, currently under development at the University of Frankfurt. ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen. NAOS - Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object- Oriented Database System. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases, pages 132-143. Morgan Kaufmann, September 1994.

....[12] and REACH [13] One of the best known active object oriented database systems is Ode [3] 14] which extends the O database programming language with facilities for expressing rules in the form of constraints and triggers. Among other projects we would like to mention Adam [15] NAOS [16], SAMOS IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. XX, NO. Y, MONTH 1999 3 [17] and TriGS [4] In Table I we compare these systems along a number of dimensions. Among the considered systems, NAOS and TriGS are extensions of commercial object oriented database systems with active ....

....Whereas in NAOS the elimination of events due to net effect composition results in the de triggering of rules, this is not true for Chimera. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. XX, NO. Y, MONTH 1999 4 HiPAC Ode Adam NAOS TriGS SAMOS Chimera Reference [10] 3] 14] 15] [16] [4] 17] 18] o o data model OODAPLEX new new O 2 GemStone new new messages messages messages messages messages messages messages primitive db ops db ops db ops db ops db ops events temporal temporal user def temporal migrations external user def event composition YES YES NO YES NO YES ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen, "Naos: Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System," in Proc. Twentieth Int'l Conf. on Very Large Data Bases, 1994, pp. 132--143.

....graph) by using certain criteria for decision making (the decison steps) and (3) the action that will be executed if a decision criteria is satisfied. Although analysis rules are founded on the same principle structure as ECA rules, there are some major differences to conventional ECA systems [31, 16, 17, 33, 12, 40, 22]: 1. Active database systems offer a wide range of events from different sources (e.g. insert update delete, behavior invocation, transaction, abstract situations, program exceptions, clock, external calls) 31, 9, 18] An active data warehouse uses a much simpler event model, which consists of ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen. NAOS: Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. In Proc. of the 20th Intl. Conf. on Very Large Databases, Santiago, Chile, 1994.

....rules, etc. Active database research has initially focussed on the integration of active behavior into relational DBMSs (Starburst [74] Ariel [48] POSTGRES [65] A second generation of projects (including Ode [38] Sentinel [17] and SAMOS, later followed by REACH [6, 7] ACOOD [4] NAOS [22], TriGS [50] Chimera [15] and [51] investigated object oriented ADBMS. Reactive behavior as offered by ADBMS can be beneficially used by numerous application areas, such as financial applications [20] network management [3] workflow management [42] medical applications [5] integrity ....

....commits. If they are garbage collected, they will not be considered as candidate components during composite event detection, and therefore composite event detection is faster. Further performance related experiences have been made by comparing SAMOS with other systems (Acood [4] Naos [22], and Ode [38] Here it turned out that the performance of primitive event detection and rule execution in SAMOS is comparable (or even slightly better) with that of the other systems. Composite event detection has been less efficient in SAMOS. This is because 20 of 31 SAMOS consumption ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, T. Svensen. NAOS: Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. Proc. 20 th Int'l Conf. on Very Large Data Bases, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

.... more conditions and to execute the corresponding actions when the event occurs and the conditions evaluate to true [Beer91] There exists quite a number of different prototype approaches aiming at the integration of active concepts with object oriented database systems (e.g. Buch95] Chak94] [Coll94], Gal95] Gatz95] Geha96] Kapp94a] Mede91] Comparing to commercial database systems with active capabilities [Orac92] both knowledge model and execution model of these prototype systems are more advanced. Concerning the knowledge model, e.g. different kinds of events such as time ....

....the special requirements composite events pose on an underlying transaction model by means of an example. 2. 1 Nested Transactions for Simple Events Most of the execution models of existing active object oriented database systems are based on the nested transaction model [Buch95] Chak94] [Coll94], Gatz95] Note that in the following, if not stated otherwise, the term nested transactions stands for closed nested transactions [Gray93] The nested transaction model is particularly appropriate for active systems due to the following reasons [Hsu88] zsu94] First, its structure accommodates ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, T. Svenson, NAOS - Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System, Proc. of the 20th Int. Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB), Santiago, Chile, 1994

....concern the optimisation of checking: Nic79, HI85] for relational databases, BM86] for deductive databases, BD95] for object oriented databases, and [Law95] for deductive object oriented databases. In the context of active database systems, triggers are used to express integrity constraints [CW90, SKdM92, CFPT94, CCS94]. A trigger is composed by an event e, a condition c and an action a. If e occurs and if c is 24 satisfied then the action a is executed. Depending from the context, the language used for expressing actions is more or less powerful (in [CCS94] message passing, for example, is possible) ....

....express integrity constraints [CW90, SKdM92, CFPT94, CCS94] A trigger is composed by an event e, a condition c and an action a. If e occurs and if c is 24 satisfied then the action a is executed. Depending from the context, the language used for expressing actions is more or less powerful (in [CCS94], message passing, for example, is possible) However, triggers are far from the simple and declarative tool that integrity constraints should have been. Indeed, the definition and verification of constraints are merged in a single unit (the trigger) Integrity is spread out among several ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svenson. Naos - efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an oodbms. In Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), pages 132--144, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

....in RDBMSs, data encapsulation is a fundamental concept in ODBSs that is supported directly by the database system. Constraints and triggers Like RDBMSs, most ODBSs provide some form of triggering mechanism. In O 2 , triggers are implemented as production rules that become part of an O 2 schema [28]. The rules are based on the Event Condition Action (ECA) formalism. The event part specifies the events that trigger the rule. Proposed event types are divided into two categories: 1) entity manipulation event types generated by manipulations (creation, deletion, update, etc. of entities, and ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen. NAOS Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. In Proc. of the 20th Int. Conf. on Very Large Databases, Santiago, Chile, 1994. To appear.

....the architecture is only based on the effective presence of the common state, on which all PSSs synchronize their activity during execution. This is why this approach is called state based. The Database community have addressed the interoperability problem from this point of view (active databases[13] and process support databases [9] 33] E3 proposal: April 15, 1998 11:32 am 5 SEED proposal II.7 April 15, 1998 11:32 am 5 April 15, 1998 11:32 am 5 14 ICSP5.auto If the PSSs are heterogeneous, the format of the local states and common state are different; the common state format plays ....

C. Collet and T. Copaye and T. Stevens. NAOS Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an Object Oriented Database system. 20th VLDB. Santiago, Chile May 1994.

....to research groups, which has slowed progress in the development of active OODBMS s. Extensions to commercial products have occurred mostly within companies or through partnerships between a research group and a company. An example of this route is the NAOS project and its cooperation with O2 [CCS94]. The use of available OODBMS research prototypes, such as Texas Instruments OpenOODB [WBT92] is a compromise. OpenOODB is built as a client to the Exodus Storage Server [CDRS86] While the source code for both systems is made available to research groups, some of the problems remain, since the ....

C.Collet, T.Coupaye, and T.Svensen. NAOS Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. In Proc. of the 20th Intl. Conf. on Very Large Data Bases, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

....Method .class:Object .class:A .class:E .class:D .inhRules: notInhRules: class:Object .inhRules: R 4 .notInhRules: inhRules: R 3 .notInhRules: class:C .class:B Legend: reference . object class with instance variables Rule Inheritance Trees 12 [Beer91] [Coll94], Geha96] Mede91] Shyy94] propose that rules are always inherited and can never be overridden, which corresponds to strict inheritance [Wegn88] Another possibility, which is followed by some systems like TriGS, is that rules are specialized arbitrarily, which is called arbitrary or ....

Collet, C., Coupaye, T., Svenson, T., NAOS - Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System, in Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB '94), J.B. Bocca, M. Jarke, C. Zaniolo (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, Santiago, Chile, Sept. 1994

....Both REACH and SAMOS detect method invocations, but not state changes of the objects. Therefore, the detection of the method events can be done by wrapping each method automatically by a (new or modified) precompiler [Deut94] However, if state changes should be detected as in the active DBMS NAOS [CCS94] a strict layered architecture is impossible and the OODBMS needs some major modifications. 3.2 A Mediator Based on Persistence A mediator which uses Persistence [Pers94] is described in [KLB96] to enforce global consistency between relational legacy systems. Persistence itself provides the ....

Collet, S., Coupaye, T., Svensen, T.; NAOS - Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. Proc. 20th Intl. Conf. on Very Large Databases, Santiago, Chile, 1994

....local systems. Active mechanisms are a promising approach for consistency maintenance in federated systems. Although the usage of the active object paradigm was already proposed in the context of the DOM project [2] existing prototypes of active OODBMS (e.g. REACH [4] SAMOS [12] ODE [13] NAOS [10], Sentinel [9] Chimera [7] simply enhance homogeneous database systems with active mechanisms. Analyzing the limitations of existing active DBMSs [3, 25] it has to be explored to what extent active features can be applied in federated systems [21] Due to the coexistence of several data models ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, T. Svensen; NAOS - Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an ObjectOriented Database System, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), Santiago, Chile, 1994.

....the O 2 ODBMS itself. Implementation of the simulation mechanism is currently under development. Future work will address the possibility to simulate constraints defined on a schema. So far, in GOODSTEP, constraints are modeled using the triggers mechanism developed at the University of Grenoble [6]. The work presented in the paper is part of a Computer Aided Schema Update tool suitable for change management, currently under development at the University of Frankfurt. ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen. NAOS -- Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-- Oriented Database System. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases, pages 132--143. Morgan Kaufmann, September 1994.

.... of GOODSTEP to the problem of construction and customisation of process centred software engineering environments are the following: ffl The O 2 database system [BDK92] has been extended with object level concurrency control, a version manager, object oriented views [SAD94] triggers [CCS94] and schema updates [FMZ94] so as to serve as a database suitable to be used for the construction and customisation of process centred software engineering environments. ffl The process modelling language SLANG [BFG93] was defined and a process engine interpreting SLANG models was implemented. ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen. NAOS Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. In Proc. of the 20 th Int. Conf. on Very Large Databases, Santiago, Chile, 1994.

....et des donn ees d eriv ees, des autorisations, des alerteurs, des bases de connaissance, des applications de workflow . Les bases de donn ees actives ont donn e lieu a de nombreuses recherches durant les derni eres ann ees [WC96] Elles ont abouti a l impl ementation de plusieurs prototypes [WC96, CC94, SKdM92, KRSWV94, AMC93, GJ91, GD92] tant dans le cadre des bases de donn ees relationnelles que dans celui des bases de donn ees objet. Actuellement, cette technologie a atteint un stade de maturit e tel que plusieurs syst emes de bases de donn ees relationnelles commercialis es offrent des m ecanismes d ex ecution de r egles ....

....cet ensemble ordonn e selon une priorit e statique entre les modules. 2.3 Les syst emes actifs captur es Le tableau de la figure 1 donne quelques exemples des choix s emantiques adopt es par les diff erents syst emes actifs et support es par notre mod ele. Les syst emes consid er es sont : NAOS [CC94], TriGS [KRSWV94] Sentinel [AMC93] A RDL [SKdM92] Starbust [WCL91] Ode [GJ91, GJS92] Chimera, Ariel, WC96] Exact [DPG91] et Samos [GD92] 3 L architecture 3.1 Fonctionnalit es Notre syst eme fonctionne au dessus de la base de donn ees objet passive O2. Ses principales caract eristiques ....

T. Svensen C. Collet, T. Coupaye. NAOS efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an object-oriented database system. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

....concern the optimisation of checking: Nic79, HI85] for relational databases, BM86] for deductive databases, BD95] for object oriented databases, and [Law95] for deductive object oriented databases. In the context of active database systems, triggers are used to express integrity constraints [CW90, SKdM92, CFPT94, CCS94]. A trigger is composed by an event e, a condition c and an action a. If e occurs and if c is satisfied then the action a is executed. Depending from the context, the language used for expressing actions is more or less powerful (in [CCS94] message passing, for example, is possible) However, ....

....to express integrity constraints [CW90, SKdM92, CFPT94, CCS94] A trigger is composed by an event e, a condition c and an action a. If e occurs and if c is satisfied then the action a is executed. Depending from the context, the language used for expressing actions is more or less powerful (in [CCS94], message passing, for example, is possible) However, triggers are far from the simple and declarative tool that integrity constraints should have been. Indeed, the definition and verification of constraints are merged in a single unit (the trigger) Integrity is spread out among several triggers ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svenson. Naos - efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an oodbms. In Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), pages 132--144, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

....concern the optimisation of checking: Nic79, HI85] for relational databases, BM86] for deductive databases, BD95] for object oriented databases, and [Law95] for deductive object oriented databases. In the context of active database systems, triggers are used to express integrity constraints [CW90, SKdM92, CFPT94, CCS94]. A trigger is composed by an event e, a condition c and an action a. If e occurs and if c is satisfied then the action a is executed. Depending from the context, the language used for expressing actions is more or less powerful (in [CCS94] message passing, for example, is possible) However, ....

....to express integrity constraints [CW90, SKdM92, CFPT94, CCS94] A trigger is composed by an event e, a condition c and an action a. If e occurs and if c is satisfied then the action a is executed. Depending from the context, the language used for expressing actions is more or less powerful (in [CCS94], message passing, for example, is possible) However, triggers are far from the simple and declarative tool that integrity constraints should have been. Indeed, the definition and verification of constraints are merged in a single unit (the trigger) Integrity is spread out among several triggers ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svenson. Naos - efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an oodbms. In Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), pages 132--144, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

....Rgles Actives, lvnements primitifs et composites, Dtection d vnements. 1 Introduction In this paper, we are interested in events in active databases. Such databases are becoming popular and many research projects concern this area [12, 23, 17, 23, 29] also many prototypes have been developed [27, 30, 15, 22, 8, 2]. Event models and languages have received a lot of attention [18, 26, 16, 14, 5] Events are either considered as points in time [16, 14] or as happening of interest occurring at specific points in time [18] Events may be primitive (e.g. the update of Bobs salary) or composite, i.e. comprised ....

....always be implicitely calculated when building the detection event tree for E. We also provide three new operators called strict disjunction (exclusive OR) strict sequence and strict iteration. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 summarizes the way rules are defined and executed in NAGS[8]. Section 3 introduces the main concepts of the NAGS event model. Then, Section 4 concentrates on primitive events while Section 5 details composite events. For both, primitive and composite events, we explain the event detection process, i.e. the way events are recognized and signaled to the ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen. NAOS Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. In Proc. of the 20th Int. Conf. on Very Large Data Bases, pages 132-143, Santiago - Chile, September 12-15 1994.

.... (triggering) separated transaction synchronous dependent 7 deferred (triggering) separated transaction asynchronous dependent 8 deferred (triggering) separated transaction asynchronous independent Table 3: RS coupling modes Centralized active databases support differents coupling modes: NAOS [CCS94, Col97] considers the coupling modes 1 and 5 (between E C) SAMOS [GFV96] the modes 1, 3 and 8 (between E C and C A) Ode the modes 1, 3, 7 and 8 (between C A) Distributed active databases consider only independent rules: C 2 offein [KKvB 97] offers the coupling modes 4 and 8 while ....

Collet (C.), Coupaye (T.) et Svensen (T.). -- Naos: Efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an object-oriented database system. In : Proceedings of the 20th VLDB Conference, pp. 132--143. -- Santiago, Chile, 1994.

....scenes created in VRML (4000 lines of code) with the Liquid Reality (LR) toolkit. Note that our tool is generic in the sense that it can be used with any active DBMS provided this DBMS is instrumented to produce trace files in the pivot format used by Vizar. Vizar is currently used with NAOS [6], an active rule system developed in Grenoble. Figure 6: Prototype Architecture 5 CONCLUSION Important features of our approach are the use of tri dimensional techniques as visualization of active rules may involve large amount of evolving informations; and multiple views in order to provide ....

C. Collet, T. Coupaye and T. Svensen. NAOS Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. Proc. of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 94), Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

.... applications have been investigated ( CW90, CW91, BCMP94, CS94, CW94, CFPT94, WC96] As a consequence to these various uses of active rules, many active database systems models or prototypes have been proposed ( Da86, SHH87, DBB 88, AG89, Han89, WF90, BM91, DPG91, BBKZ92, SKM92, CAM93, CCS94, KRRV94, CFPT95a] Database products ( Ing92, Ora92, Syb92] and standards ( MM95] proposals include similar mechanisms. Active rule languages and integration of rules in various data models (relational, NF2, object oriented) have motivated numerous works. Events represent a research domain in ....

....Flexible Active Rule Execution (FL ARE) model that provides the basic concepts for describing the execution of rules. We also provide a formal description of this model. 1 A RDL [SKM92] Ariel [Han89] Beeri Milo [BM91] Chimera [CFPT95a] EXACT [DPG91] HiPAC [DBB 88] Informix, NAOS [CCS94, Col98] Ode [AG89] Oracle [Ora92] Postgres [SHH87] REACH [BBKZ92] SAMOS [Da86] Sentinel [CAM93] Starburst [WF90] TriGS [KRRV94] 2.2 The FL ARE Model FL ARE is not yet another rule execution model but might be considered as a proposal of standard for active rule execution models. To ....

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C. Collet, T. Coupaye, and T. Svensen, NAOS efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an object-oriented database system, Proc. of the 20th Int. Conf. on Very Large Data Bases (Santiago, Chile), September 1994, pp. 132--143.

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C. Collet, T. Coupaye and T. Svensen. NAOS Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. Proc. of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 94), Santiago, Chile, September 1994. 18

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C. Collet, T. Coupaye and T. Svensen. NAOS Efficient and Modular Reactive Capabilities in an Object-Oriented Database System. Proc. of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 94), Santiago, Chile, September 1994.

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C Collet, T Coupaye, and T Svensen. Naos efficient and modular reactive capabilities in an object-oriented database system. In In proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Santiago, Chili, Sep 1994.

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