S. K. Card, T. P. Moran, and A. Newell. The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems. Communications of the ACM, 23(7):396--410, 1980.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the number of states that the system should hold in memory is approximately 330.000, a number that seems rational and operative to store. 5. Keystroke Level Model to evaluate proposed method. Keystroke Level Model (KLM) is an analytic predictive method inspired by the Human Motor Processor Model [2]. This model focuses on unit tasks within a user machine interaction environment which consists of a small number of sequenced operations. The model assumes two phases in task execution. During the fn:st phase decisions are made on how to accomplish the task using the primitives of the system. ....

Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 23 (7), (1980) 396-410.

....that users can perform frequent things faster. Expected Savings To compute more reasonable expected savings, we take into account scroll time and how much time users spend to customize Favorite Folders. We estimate times to scroll and click on a check box based on the Keystroke Level Model [1]. One scroll consists of pointing to a target, mental preparation, button press, and drawing line. This operation takes 3.79 seconds . Single clicking on a check box consists of pointing to a target, mental preparation, and button press . It takes 2.73 seconds . Selecting a directory in the tree ....

Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., and Newe ll, A. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems.Communications of the ACM, 1980, pp. 396-410

....that disturb users cognitive performance. Modelling is a methodology that attempts to represent a system to be evaluated in an abstract way so that it can be analysed systematically. For example, the keystrokelevel model calculates task performance times that can be achieved by experienced users [Card et al. 1980]. Execution time that is the sum of the time for performing a set of operations needed to conduct a selected task represents usability of the system. Evaluator can analyse performance times of each operation in order to find out which operation takes users more time, and reduce usability. ....

S. K. Card, T. P. Moran, and A. Newell, The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 1980.

....ideal for comparing the usability of an absolute versus a relative device. 2.3.3 Fitts Law According to MacKenzie and Buxton (1993) the prevalence of direct manipulation interfaces has resulted in a paradigm shift for modelling user performance. Keystroke models used in early studies such as (Card, Moran et al. 1980), are of diminished importance, since performance in direct manipulation systems is closer described by movement models. Fitt s law is the most important of those models. Originally described in (Fitts 1954) it is an essentially one dimensional model of human movement describing the time (MT) to ....

Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., et al. (1980). "The Keystroke Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems." Communications of the ACM 23(7): 396-410.

....DATABASE. 54 Jacobsen John p. 1 1 Introduction In recent years there has been a growing interest in analytic usability evaluation methods (UEMs; e.g. Heuristic Evaluation, Nielsen Molich, 1990; Cognitive Walkthrough, Lewis et al. 1990; and GOMS, Card, Moran and Newell, 1980; John Kieras, 1996) to complement empirical methods (e.g. thinkaloud usability tests or keystroke logs) Some have claimed that one advantage of analytic UEMs is that they can be applied to specifications or paper prototypes; thus, able to identify usbaility problems well before a running ....

Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, A. (1980). The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 23(7) (July), 396-410.

....computer procedure. GOMS can make some broad predictions of human behaviour. The depth of the subgoals gives an indication of the load on a user s short term memory, and the length of the sequence of operations provides a rough measure of the time taken to carry out a method. Card et al. (Card, Moran, Newell, 1980) demonstrated the power of GOMS by using it to predict the time expert users will take to execute tasks on a computer. They proposed that, at the level of individual motor actions, the time taken to execute a computer task can be described as the sum of the times taken in keystroking, pointing ....

Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., and Newell, A. (1980) `The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems.' Communication of the ACM, 23, 396--410.

....a screen are ranked resulting in the model given in figure 11. 3 See http: altavista.digital.com 211 Page HTML Surrogate URL Summary 1 1 Screen Headers 1 10 rank rank Figure 11: ERMIA model for web based IR system (Alta Vista) In line with the work on the GOMS and keystroke [Card, Moran and Newell 1980] models of interaction it is possible to estimate a set of standard average times which can be used in calculating the time taken to access a number of items. Table 1 shows the times required for the three systems mentioned above and gives initial guestimates 4 of their values the list of ....

CARD, S., MORAN, T., AND NEWELL, A. "The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems", Communications of the ACM, vol. 23(7), pp. 396-410, 1980.

....Next is described two analyses, one using predictive modelling, the other using an experimental approach, which seek to resolve the problem. 3.3. 1 Predictive Modelling of Language Based Editing In an initial study of the editing paradigm problem [30] the Keystroke Level Model (KLM) [2] was used to assess the efficiency of available implementations of the two paradigms. With the KLM, time to execute a task can be described using four physical operators, K (keystroking) P (pointing) H (homing) and D (drawing) one mental operator M and a system response operator R. Time ....

....implementations of the two paradigms. With the KLM, time to execute a task can be described using four physical operators, K (keystroking) P (pointing) H (homing) and D (drawing) one mental operator M and a system response operator R. Time estimates of these operators were determined by [2]. Total time spent in keystroking and button pressing is based on the number of keys pressed (keys not characters, so an upper case A is two keystrokes SHIFT a) and average typing speed (40wpm) for the typical non secretarial typist of 0.28sec per keystroke. The P operator represents pointing ....

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S.K. Card, T.P. Moran, and A. Newell. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 23(7):396--410, 1980.

....reinitialisability (that is, that the user can return the system to its initial state) and that all actions are reachable. They also validate cooperation between the various models and components. Rosis et al. 38] describe a notation combining Petri nets with Card, Moran and Newell s KLM theory [6]. They describe a patient consultation system and evaluate correctness and usability. Correctness is evaluated in terms of completeness, access constraints, and non ambiguity. Usability is evaluated in terms of consistency and complexity for both action and display. While the analysis provided by ....

S. Card, T. Moran, and A. Newell. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. CACM, 23(7), 1980.

....attain their goals. Their behaviour is predicted both qualitatively, in the way they achieve their goals (in selecting between different methods) and quantitatively in terms of time to do tasks and error frequencies. A GOMS analysis predicts user behaviour while the KLM (Keystroke Level Model) CMN80, CMN83] can be used to predict the time taken by skilled users in carrying out tasks using a particular system. This quantitative assessment is based on the time required to use the primitive actions to be made available in the system such as keystroking, pointing, homing and drawing. It also ....

....7. A KEYSTROKE MODEL OF EDITING PARADIGMS 80 proach to the evaluation of such issues is the predictive modelling approach [EE89] Using this approach a model is built which can be used to help evaluate various issues before prototyping commences. In particular, the Keystroke Level Model (KLM) CMN80, CMN83] can be used to assess the efficiency of the paradigms. The tree building paradigm has been implemented in a variety of editors. In this study the example used was a Pascal editor generated using the Synthesizer Generator. Example text recognition editors include the UQ editors, UQ1 and ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S.K. Card, T.P. Moran, and A. Newell. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 23(7):396--410, 1980.

....users will naturally acquire the procedural knowledge that most effectively fulfills their needs. Indeed, much of the early work in system evaluation has been guided by this assumption that the asymptotic level of behavior is one relatively free of errors and inefficient strategies (e.g. Card, Moran and Newell, 1980; 1983) However, this assumption is called into question by recent work examining routine text editor use (Rosson, 1984a, 1984b) In this work, users were both surveyed about their use of a text editor and monitored during their daily use of the system. The users varied in their experience with ....

Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., and Newell, A. 1980. The Keystroke-Level Model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 23, 396-410.

....in terms of these more specific definitions. In the discussion that follows, each technique will be summarized, and examples presented, and the relative advantages and disadvantages mentioned. KLM. The Keystroke Level Model (KLM) is the simplest GOMS technique, and was originally described in Card, Moran, Newell (1980a) and later in CMN (Ch. 8) The KLM makes several simplifying assumptions that make it a restricted version of GOMS. In particular, the analyst must specify the method used to accomplish the particular task of interest, which typically entails choosing specific task instances. Other GOMS ....

.... of execution times can be used to compare design ideas on benchmark tasks, to do parametric evaluation to explore the space defined by important variables (e.g. the length of filenames in a command language) and to do sensitivity analyses on the assumptions made (e.g. user s typing speed) CMN; Card, Moran, Newell, 1980a) CMN GOMS. CMN GOMS is the term we use to refer to the form of GOMS model presented in CMN (1983, Ch. 5; Card, Moran, Newell, 1980b) CMN GOMS is slightly more specified than general GOMS; there is a strict goal hierarchy, and methods are represented in an informal pseudo code like notation ....

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Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, A. (1980a). The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM , 23(7), 396-410.

....to the example task, discuss the underlying architectural basis and the ensuing constraints for each technique, and compare and contrast the analysis with that of the other GOMS variants. 2.1. The Keystroke Level Model (KLM) The Keystroke Level Model (KLM) is the simplest GOMS technique (Card, Moran, Newell, 1980a; CMN, Ch. 8) To estimate execution time for a task, the analyst lists the sequence of operators and then totals the execution times for the individual operators. In particular, the analyst must specify the method used to accomplish each particular task instance. Other GOMS techniques discussed ....

....2. A Keystroke Level Model for moving the text in Figure 1. The notes on the right represent hand written notes an analyst might add to the KLM to highlight ideas. 2.2. Card, Moran, Newell GOMS (CMN GOMS) CMN GOMS is the term we use to refer to the form of GOMS model presented in CMN (Ch. 5; Card, Moran, Newell, 1980b) CMN GOMS has a strict goal hierarchy. Methods are represented in an informal program form that can include submethods and conditionals. A CMNGOMS model, given a particular task situation, can thus predict both operator sequence and execution time. CMN do not describe the CMN GOMS technique ....

Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1980a). The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM , 23(7), 396-410.

....a GOMS model. John Kieras (1994) describe the current family of GOMS models and the associated techniques for predicting usability, and list many successful applications of GOMS to practical design problems. The simplest form of GOMS model is the Keystroke Level Model, first described by Card, Moran, and Newell (1980), in which task execution time is predicted by the total of the times for the elementary keystroke level actions required to perform the task. The most complex is CPM GOMS, developed by Gray, John, and Atwood (1993) in which the sequential dependencies between the user s perceptual, cognitive, ....

Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, A. (1980a). The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM , 23(7), 396-410.

....a GOMS model. John Kieras (1994) describe the current family of GOMS models and the associated techniques for predicting usability, and list many successful applications of GOMS to practical design problems. The simplest form of GOMS model is the Keystroke Level Model, first described by Card, Moran, and Newell (1980), in which 2 task execution time is predicted by the total of the times for the elementary keystroke level actions required to perform the task. The most complex is CPM GOMS, developed by Gray, John, and Atwood (1993) in which the sequential dependencies between the user s perceptual, cognitive, ....

Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, A. (1980a). The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM , 23(7), 396-410.

....shows an example GOMS analysis. Performance data such as the time taken to perform a task can be found using the MHP (Model Human Processor) or the short term memory requirements can determined by examining the depth of the goal structure. A companion device level model, the Keystroke Level Model [CAR80], can be used with it or independently. It focuses on the motor system and is the time of an interaction of a set of key presses. The time taken is a combination of the acquisition of a mental representation and the execution of the task. A formula for the interaction is given and values are ....

Card, S.K. and Moran, T.P. (1980). "The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems."Communications of the ACM, 23(7), pages 396-410.

....of device. In the classic study of text selection devices [5, p. 237] the homing time to move from the space bar to the mouse was measured as 0.36 seconds. This was measured from videotapes of subjects moving. An average homing time of 0. 4 seconds was incorporated into the Keystroke Level Model [4]. However, we measured one handed homing times of around 0.7 seconds, which is substantially longer. Our time was measured from the time of the mouse click to the time that the first keystroke was recognized. Our typing test shows that the average time per keystroke was 0.3 seconds, so this might ....

Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., and Newell, A., "The KeystrokeLevel Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems. " Communications of the ACM, 1980. 23(7) pp. 396-410. July.

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S. K. Card, T. P. Moran, and A. Newell. The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems. Communications of the ACM, 23(7):396--410, 1980.

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Card, S. K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, A. (1980). The Keystroke-Level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 23, 7, 396-410, New York: ACM.

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Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., Newell, A. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, vol 23, p. 396-410.

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Card, S., Moran, T. & Newell, A. (1980). The Keystroke Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems, Communications of the ACM, 23(7), 396-410.

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S. K. Card, T. P. Moran, and A. Newell. The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 23(7):pages 396--410, July 1980.

No context found.

Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., Newell, A. The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, vol 23, p. 396-410.

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Card, Moran, and Newell (1980), The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems, Comm. ACM, 23(7), 396-410

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Card, S. K., Moran, T. P. and Newall, A., (1980) The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems, Communications of the ACM, 23, 7.

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