Clark, E.V. (1987). The principle of contrast: a constraint in language acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.) Mechanisms of language acquisition (pp. 1-33), Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....(b) the same signal is used to label all the instances within a category, c) all individuals use the same two signals for the two categories. The use of different signals for different categories and of the same signal for all members within a category corresponds to the principle of contrast (Clark, 1987) or of mutual exclusivity (Markman and Wachtel, 1988) that children rely on when they assign only one label per category. The fact that all individuals use the same signal for each category corresponds to the ontogenetic principle of conventionality (Clark, 1993) This correspondence between ....

Clark, E.V. (1987). The Principle of Contrast: a constraint on language acquisition. In B. MacWinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....compliance for their NVNPN frame. In their NVN frame, come and go elicited significantly more verb compliance than stay and fall. Another proposal about recovery from overgeneralizations is termed The Mutual Exclusivity Principle (also called Contrast, Uniqueness, or Preemption) Bowerman, 1982; Clark, 1987; Markman, 1987) In summary, this principle is that children will allow only one lexical entry to occupy a semantic niche. When two words are determined to have similar meanings, one of them is pre empted and removed from the lexicon. For example, causative come is basically equivalent to bring. ....

Clark, E.V. (1987). The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....of production #i.e. labelling actions#, which is indeed where they are most prevalent. LABEL can emit a verb #the best matching one, of course# even if its probability is arbitrarily low, so long as the M inLabel parameter is set to a lowvalue. Thus if the vocabulary and hence the contrast set #Clark 1987# for the new verb is small, the verb may indeed exhibit plausible overgeneralization in production, assuming the MinLabel parameter is tuned appropriately. Extension This behavior suggests that it may be possible to extend our learning algorithm to take advantage of the current lexicon in ....

....verb and the match is prettygood; 2. Inspect the features of push and compare them to the new training example; 3. Find the biggest di#erences between them, probably the acceleration feature in this case; 4. Conclude that shove must code for those di#erences by the principle of contrast #Clark 1987#. In general, then, the reversibility of the features to verbs mapping opens the possibilityofdiscovering relationships between verbs #e.g. generalization, specialization, opposition, etc.#. Such information could then be leveraged to provide more speci#c negative evidence than was possible in ....

Clark, Eve V. 1987. The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, ed. by Brian MacWhinney. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....(b) the same signal is used to label all the instances within a category, c) all individuals use the same two signals for the two categories. The use of different signals for different categories and of the same signal for all members within a category corresponds to the principle of contrast (Clark, 1987) or of mutual exclusivity (Markman and Wachtel, 1988) that children rely on when they assign only one label per category. The fact that all individuals use the same signal for each category corresponds to the ontogenetic principle of conventionality (Clark, 1993) This correspondence between ....

Clark, E.V. (1987). The Principle of Contrast: a constraint on language acquisition. In B. MacWinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....One is cross situational learning (Fisher, Hall, Rakowitz, Gleitman, 1994) hearing a word in multiple situations and selecting as its meaning something that is common across those situations. Pinker (1989) calls this event category labeling . Another is the principle of exclusivity or contrast (Clark, 1987; Markman, 1989) different words should have different meanings. A major question remains, however: Are these techniques effective in learning a lexicon Answering such a question is difficult, for at this point, such techniques are only intuitions and have not been specified with sufficient ....

Clark, E. V. (1987). The Principle of Contrast: A Constraint on Language Acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, pp. 264--293. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....language will come into play. The general problem is known as Gavagai after Quine, but since then several constraints have been formulated for what meanings can be assigned to. The most well known of these constraints are the contrast principle and the whole object assumption. Baldwin, 1994, Clark, 1987, Markman, 1991) The introduction of more agents, on the other hand, will give rise to social problems, where the agents depart from total cooperation. Some interesting issues are: The introduction of credibility, i.e. the judgement of the predictions of the other agents. This assumes the ....

Clark, E., (1987), "The Principle of Contrast -- A Constraint on Language Acquisition". In MacWhinney (ed.) Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, Lawrence Erlbaum Ass., Hillsdale, NJ.

....as something new to the child which may appear to do symbolic work. CRL Newsletter March 1996 Vol. 10, No. 5 5 cannot easily constrain the child s attention, a paradigm which does not involve the physical presence of an instructor is to be preferred. The contrastivity trap. Barrett (1978) and Clark (1987) have emphasised the socalled Principle of Contrast in lexical acquisition. That is, every word form contrasts in meaning with every other, and language learners may exploit this (but see Gathercole 1987 for an alternative view) To ensure that the subject is attending to a given image because ....

Clark, E. V. (1987). The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Eds.), Mechanisms of Language Acquisition Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....in the learning algorithm. This principle states that the learner should assume that the observed description is optimal for the corresponding input, and that it is the only optimal description. This principle resembles other proposed learning principles, such as Clark s Principle of Contrast (E. Clark 1987) and Wexler s Uniqueness Principle (Wexler 1981) Optimality Theory permits a particularly rigorous formal statement of this kind of principle with respect to the acquisition of core grammar. 107 This suggests the following account of cross linguistic variation. Optimality Theory provides the ....

Clark, Eve. 1987. The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In Mechanisms of language acquisition, ed. B. MacWhinney. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....off out in right LM TR Learning System Explicit positive Implicit negatives Input: above ) Figure 4.3: The Principle of Mutual Exclusivity CHAPTER 4. LEARNING WITHOUT EXPLICIT NEGATIVE INSTANCES 46 ciple of one to one meaning to morpheme mapping also appears as the principle of contrast in [Clark, 1987] and the principle of uniqueness in [Pinker, 1989] these are thus also close relatives of Markman s principle of mutual exclusivity. Similar ideas can also be found in [Bolinger, 1965; Chomsky and Lasnik, 1977; MacWhinney, 1989] 4.3 Difficulties with Mutual Exclusivity For purposes of ....

Eve Clark, "The Principle of Contrast: A Constraint on Language Acquisition, " In B. MacWhinney, editor, Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, Hillsdale, NJ, 1987. Lawrence Erlbaum.

....in the acquisition of tense and temporal reference (Weist 1986) in which children are claimed to be able to refer to not only ongoing situations, but also to eventualities anterior or posterior to the speech time interval. If the human language capacity is governed by a principle of contrast (Clark 1988), it is expected that RIs systematically have a different intended interpretation than finite utterances do, possibly in the temporal domain. In short, it is conceivable that RIs are specifically reserved for references to nonpresent situations. The various hypotheses on the presence and status ....

Clark, E. (1988). The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition. Hillsdale (N.J.): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....note that children seem to prefer a one to one meaning to morpheme mapping; this is similar to, although not quite the same as, the mutual exclusivity notion put forth here. 2 Johnston and Slobin s principle of one to one meaning to morpheme mapping also appears as the principle of contrast in [Clark, 1987] and the principle of uniqueness in [Pinker, 1989] these are thus also close relatives of Markman s principle of mutual exclusivity. Similar ideas can also be found in [Bolinger, 1965; Chomsky and Lasnik, 1977; MacWhinney, 1989] 4.3 Difficulties with Mutual Exclusivity For purposes of ....

Eve Clark, "The Principle of Contrast: A Constraint on Language Acquisition," In B. MacWhinney, editor, Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, Hillsdale, NJ, 1987. Lawrence Erlbaum.

....of production (i.e. labelling actions) which is indeed where they are most prevalent. LABEL can emit a verb (the best matching one, of course) even if its probability is arbitrarily low, so long as the MinLabel parameter is set to a low value. Thus if the vocabulary and hence the contrast set (Clark 1987) for the new verb is small, the verb may indeed exhibit plausible overgeneralization in production, assuming the MinLabel parameter is tuned appropriately. Extension This behavior suggests that it may be possible to extend our learning algorithm to take advantage of the current lexicon in ....

....verb and the match is pretty good; 2. Inspect the features of push and compare them to the new training example; 3. Find the biggest differences between them, probably the acceleration feature in this case; 4. Conclude that shove must code for those differences by the principle of contrast (Clark 1987). In general, then, the reversibility of the features to verbs mapping opens the possibility of discovering relationships between verbs (e.g. generalization, specialization, opposition, etc. Such information could then be leveraged to provide more specific negative evidence than was possible in ....

Clark, Eve V. 1987. The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, ed. by Brian MacWhinney. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

.... Dowty, 1979; Fisher, Gleitman, and Gleitman, 1991; Levin and Rappaport Hovav, to appear; Pinker, 1989) 7 (v) Children assume that each meanings and strings, grammatical morphemes in this case, map one to one, an assumption also known as the Uniqueness postulate (Wexler and Culicover, 1980; Clark, 1987; Pinker, 1984) Less is More hypothesis (Newport, 1984; Newport, 1988; Newport, 1990; Carey and Gelman, 1991) Goldowsky and Newport, 1992) cf. Elman, 1993) Specifically, since tense and aspect are confounded, we assume that the one meaning is aspect, demonstrably closer to the verb than ....

Clark, Eve V. 1987. The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition.

....principle implicit in EDCD. This principle states that the learner should assume that the observed description is optimal for the corresponding input, and that it is the only optimal description. This principle resembles other proposed learning principles, such as Clark s Principle of Contrast (E. Clark 1987) and Wexler s Uniqueness Principle (Wexler 1981) EDCD makes vigorous use of this learning principle. In fact, it is possible for the algorithm to run endlessly when presented data from a non totally ranked stratified hierarchy. For the minimal illustration, suppose that there are two constraints ....

Clark, Eve. 1987. The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In Brian MacWhinney, ed., Mechanisms of language acquisition,. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....a principle implicit in CD. This principle states that the learner should assume that the observed description is optimal for the corresponding input, and that it is the only optimal description. This principle resembles other proposed learning principles, such as Clark s Principle of Contrast (E. Clark 1987) and Wexler s Uniqueness Principle (Wexler 1981) CD makes vigorous use of this learning principle. When presented data from a non totally ranked stratified hierarchy, it is in fact possible for CD to run endlessly. For the minimal illustration, suppose that there are two constraints and N, and ....

Clark, Eve. 1987. The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In Brian MacWhinney, ed., Mechanisms of language acquisition,. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

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Clark, E.V. (1987). The principle of contrast: a constraint in language acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.) Mechanisms of language acquisition (pp. 1-33), Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.

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