S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In [57], chapter 9, pages 223--247. John Wiley & Sons, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... specifications are the ones in which processes are expressed as a partial order of work steps or tasks, based on ordering constraints (e.g. step A must be executed before step B) These specifications are usually associated with 1) activity graph representations, e.g. Petri nets used in SPADE[19] or 2) procedural code, as e.g. in APPL A[20] Petri nets are a bipartite directed graphs composed of places P and transitions T connected by arcs C. Places p connected to a transition t by arcs C(p, t) are said to be t s input places. Conversely, places connected to a transition t by arcs C(t, ....

....(and to some extent in WFMS) is reflectivity. Processes are modified within processes (or more precisely, metaprocesses) Unfolding is then a result of intertwined execution of a process, that coordinates work, and a meta process, that coordinates changes to the way work is conducted. In SPADE[19] plans can be used as tokens, that in this system are associated to artifacts subjected to transformations according to a (meta) process. In EPOS[16] any process element, including plans, can be used as parameters to processes. EPOS explicitly supports meta processes as part of the system. ....

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S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, L. Lavazza, Spade: An environment for software process analysis, design and enactment, in: Finkelstein et al. [5], Ch. 9, pp. 223--248.

....in SPELL are stored in EPOS DB, a versioned software engineering database. The underlying platform is a network of Sun workstations, and Prolog is the main implementation language. The SPADE project was started in 1991 to develop an environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment [11]. The main concept of the project is the adoption of extended Petri nets, augmented with specific object oriented constructs to support product modeling. SPADE 1, the first implementation of the SPADE concept, is based on standard technologies including a commercial objectoriented database (O 2 ) ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, L. Lavazza. SPADE: an environment for software process analysis, design, and enactment. In [30].

....to the actual process performance and enabling branches, backtracks, and loops in process model enactment. Research in the PCE area has concentrated on the modeling and enactment domains [5] It has resulted in a set of mature process modeling languages and enactment mechanisms, e.g. 6] [7], 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 5] 14] Excellent overviews on the research in the PCE area and comparisons of different approaches can be found in, e.g. 15] 16] 17] 18] 19] 4] Unfortunately, the consequences for the interactive tools of the environment have been studied much ....

....can be detected. Current process modeling formalisms lack comprehensive modeling concepts for representing tool resources at the same conceptual level as processes. They offer only limited, low level constructs for representing service invocation. Examples include the black transitions in SPADE [7], or the wrapping techniques for the black box integration employed in the OZ environment [32] 36] 2.3 Invocation of Method Fragments Methodical support for creative processes cannot be fully predefined. Many criteria which influence the actual performance are not known a priori and some ....

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S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi and L. Lavazza, SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment, In: A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer and B. Nuseibeh (Eds.), Software Process Modelling and Technology, RSP, London, 1994, pp. 223-248

....over the machine and operating system. For example, artifacts may be reified within the system in such a way as to obscure the actual files within the file system that contain the artifacts data, as in Marvel [34] This contrasts with processcentered environments such as Merlin [32] and SPADE [1], which provide their own databases to hold the actual project artifacts. Closely coupled with the representation of process entities is the manifestation of connections among these entities. For instance, a system must not only represent tools and artifacts but also encapsulate the ability to ....

....within a process must be carried out by a human agent, others may often be carried out in automatic fashion. A system that supports this degree of automation is considered proactive. Various techniques exist for implementing this automation, including rule bases [30] and events and triggers [1]. Systems that provide little or no proactivity may afford the user a great deal of flexibility in executing the process, but it is interesting to note that this flexibility may be a liability in many cases. A user whose actions are not guided by the system may be at a loss as to how to make ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modeling and Technology, pages 223--248. Wiley, 1994.

....for modelling work processes [Barghouti, 1992, Swenson, 1994, Tolone, 1995] This allows cooperating people to more readily plan and coordinate their work on large problems. Approaches to providing such process modelling range from precise, formal languages [Barghouti, 1992, Ben Shaul, 1994a, Bandinelli, 1994] to more high level, graphical workflow languages [Medina Mora, 1992, Swenson, 1994, Baldi, 1994] Process models should ideally allow work processes to be enforced or used as guidance, as required, and should be readily understandable and modifiable by users. The ability to handle arbitrary ....

....1995] and can not be readily utilised to provide high level work context awareness, such as via animation. Various graphical process modelling languages exist, including most workflow languages, such as ActionWorkflow [Medina Mora, 1992] VPL [Swenson, 1993] E 3 PML [Baldi, 1994] SPADE s SLANG [Bandinelli, 1994, Bandinelli, 1993] and ProcessWEAVER s transition nets [Fernstrm, 1993] Most existing graphical languages lack support for modelling some aspects of processes (such as VPL and SLANG not modelling tools and artefacts) and for modelling work plans for a specific project (such as E 3 PML) or ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Bandinelli, S., Fuggetta, A., Ghezzi, C., and Lavazza, L., SPADE: an environment for software process analysis, design and enactment, Software Process Modelling & Technology. Finkelstein, A. and Kramer, J. and Nuseibeh, B. Eds, Research Studies Press, 1994.

....or should be performed. Rule based approaches like ALF [2] MARVEL [12] and MERLIN [13] use a Prolog like notation. While the execution semantics are defined by the rule inference machine, the execution order is derived from the product structure, which is defined in an ER like notation. SPADE [1], Process Weaver [7] and LEU [5] define processes by Petri nets. Execution semantics are based on the Petri net semantics and can be adapted by the definition of pre and postconditions. Other net based approaches like EPOS [3] and Teamware [21] define data and control flow dependencies on a type ....

....Net based approaches suffer from the essentially static structure of its process definition. The topology of the process description cannot be modified at all [14] or only at certain points, implying that not all corrective modifications on the enacted process definition are possible [1, 5, 7, 3]. There is usually no equivalent to the task nets found in rule based systems, which are constructed at runtime [12, 2, 3] Modifications to the net topology are considered as serious interventions which affect the process definition [1, 5, 7] We present new aspects which we have not seen in the ....

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S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In Finkelstein et al. [8], chapter 9, pages 223--247.

....Services [2] the automatic control of the human machine interface, the Role Pad; some guidelines to the process modeller. The resulting style of interaction has been demonstrated at IWSP9 [24] and is similar to other approaches like the workspaces of Merlin [16] and the agendas of SPADE [4]. The standard desk allows the local customization, for each desk of the process, of the general model provided by the Oikos Standard Services: tools, documents and actions (like the exclusive access to a document) of each role are described synthetically an declaratively. An interpreter on the ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. pages 223--247. In [10].

....in order to obtain the required capabilities, the underlying database systems were extended in significant ways. Representatives of this category include ALF, SPADE, and Merlin. ALF [19] is built on top of PCTE OMS, but extends it with a triggering mechanism and flexible transaction support. SPADE [10] uses O 2 but only after significant extensions, which are described later in Section 1.6.1. In the rest of the section we present our experience in building the information management components of Marvel and Merlin. Both are representative of the present trend of building monolithic PSEEs, in ....

Sergio Bandinelli, Alfonso Fuggetta, Carlo Ghezzi, and Luigi Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In [40], pages 223--248. 1994.

....on the collection method and the organization, this assumption may have to be violated. 2. 1 Relating Models and Events: Event Sites In software process monitoring, some analyses will require the mapping of events to some sort of model of the process, such as a Petri net foundation like in Slang [2] and state machines as in Statecharts [8] In viewing a process execution through an event trace, we are assuming that a process model has some way of producing an event trace if it was executed . If it cannot, then there is no way to relate a process execution to a process model using events, ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modeling and Technology, pages 223-248. Wiley, 1994.

....information about the objects that do change (the artifacts) Therefore, their values tend to be set once rather than continuously changed. The second reason for directly manipulating attributes in a repository is that they can be used in a supporting role for such process engines as Spade [BFGL94] Oz [BSK94] and Endeavors [BT96] Whereas these process engines can be used to actually execute and enforce the CM process, attributes can be used for such complementary purposes as setting locks, communicating who is changing a certain artifact, 46 ChangeComment = Added support to ignore ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An environment for software process analysis, design, and enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modeling and Technology, pages 223-248. Wiley, 1994.

....good way to integrate people, methods, tools, project management, and development activities. Figure 3 is an example of a software process for a compiler construction. Project planning, execution, and monitoring also requires a process perspective. There are some available process models and tools [3, 8]. However, current CASE tools provide very limited process oriented facilities. Separating method issues from the work process will not benefit software developers or project managers. We believe an explicit software process model should be built into a tool architecture and should drive the ....

Bandinelli, S. et al. SPADE: An environment for software process analysis, design, and enactment. Software Process Modelling and Technology. A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, Eds. Research Studies Press Ltd., England, 1994, 223--247.

....Services [2] the automatic control of the human machine interface, the RolePad; some guidelines to the process modeller. The resulting style of interaction has been demonstrated at ISPW 9 [34] and is similar to other approaches like the working contexts of Merlin [23] and the agendas of SPADE [4]. The standard desk facilitates the local customization, for each desk of the process, of the general model provided by the Oikos Standard Services: tools, documents and actions (like the exclusive access to a document) of each role are described synthetically and declaratively. An interpreter on ....

....Related Works The Software Process literature has only shown moderate interest for process refinement. Many proposals offer procedural refinement in several paradigms: functional decomposition in HFSP [26] module decomposition in Arcadia s APPL A [24, 38] or net decomposition in SPADE s SLANG [4], to cite a few. None has an associated refinement calculus. Besides, there are attempts to exploit Artificial Intelligence techniques, like Articulator [30] Grapple [21] EPOS [12] and PEACE [3] The emphasis is on the problem solving capabilities of the process engine, that enables the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. pages 223--247. In [15].

....would naturally provide event data collection mechanisms. The Endeavors [8] process infrastructure provides an event based integration and communication infrastructure, which could easily report events to Balboa for collection purposes. Other process enactment systems such as Oz [7] and SPADE [2] are also capable of being instrumented to collect event data. Process integration components, such as ProcessWall [18] are likewise a natural focal point for such instrumentation. Many software engineering environments, even those that are not process based, can supply event data relatively ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modeling and Technology, pages 223--248. Wiley, 1994.

....of Provence. 1 Introduction Software process models describe how software products are developed, distributed and maintained. In the past few years, several process modeling formalisms and process support systems have been developed (for example, Merlin [10] Adele [4] EPOS [5] SPADE [1], Oikos [15] Arcadia [11] HFSP [12] Process Weaver [6] and Marvel [2] In spite of the expressive power and elegance of many of these formalisms and systems, they have not, by and large, made their way into real use by corporations. It may be argued that most of these systems are research ....

Sergio Bandinelli, Alfonso Fuggetta, Carlo Ghezzi, and Luigi Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In [7], pages 223--248. 1994.

....task and tool descriptions as well as products by CM facilities offered by EPOSDB. In addition, a change request to process schemas can also be captured through a programmatic interface and analyzed before actually implemented. Platform: Unix and X; done in C and Prolog. SPADE [BFG93] BFGL94] has been developed at Politecnico di Milano since 1990. It uses generalized and reflective PetriNets expressed in the SLANG PML. These nets can be dynamically built and enacted a Process Engine. Enaction usually means calling external tools via a BMS (DEC FUSE) Inversely: the external tools are ....

Sergio Bandinelli, Alfonso Fuggetta, Carlo Ghezzi, and Luigi Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design and Enactment, chapter 9, pages 223--248. In

....(Barghouti, 1992; Swenson et al. 1994; Tolone et al. 1995) This allows cooperating people to more readily plan and coordinate their work on large problems. Approaches to providing such process modelling range from precise, formal languages (Barghouti, 1992; Ben Shaul and Kaiser, 1994a; Bandinelli, et al. 1994) to more high level, graphical workflow languages (Medina Mora et al. 1992; Swenson et al. 1994; Baldi et al. 1994) Process models should ideally allow work processes to be enforced or used as guidance, and should be readily understandable and modifiable by users. The ability to handle ....

....visualise event flow and handling than a comparative textual encoding. A variety of graphical process modelling languages have been developed for use by process centred environments and workflow management systems. Examples include E 3 p draw s E 3 PML (Baldi et al. 1994) SPADE s SLANG (Bandinelli et al. 1994; Bandinelli et al. 1993; Bandinelli et al. 1996) ProcessWEAVER s transition nets (Fernstr m, 1993) Action Workflow s loops (Medina Mora et al. 1992) Regatta and TeamFLOW s Visual Planning Language (VPL) Swenson, 1993) and wOrlds s obligation nets (Bogia and Kaplan, 1995) Graphical ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Bandinelli, S., Fuggetta, A., Ghezzi, C., and Lavazza, L. 1994. SPADE: an environment for software process analysis, design and enactment. In Software Process Modelling & Technology, eds. A. Finkelstein and J. Kramer and B. Nuseibeh, Research Studies Press, 1994.

....would naturally provide event data collection mechanisms. The Endeavors [8] process infrastructure provides an event based integration and communication infrastructure, which could easily report events to Balboa for collection purposes. Other process enactment systems such as Oz [7] and SPADE [2] are also capable of being instrumented to collect event data. Process integration components, such as ProcessWall [18] are likewise a natural focal point for such instrumentation. Many software engineering environments, even those that are not process based, can supply event data relatively ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modeling and Technology, pages 223--248. Wiley, 1994.

..... Vincenzo Ambriola et al. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 6, No. 3, July 1997. PROTEUS and REBOOT ESPRIT projects, Sysdeco Consulting, and Siemens Defense systems) SPADE 1. SLANG has been used to model industrial processes in a large telecomm company in Italy [Bandinelli et al. 1995] SPADE 1, Version 3.0, has been released to a few companies within the context of two ESPRIT projects. They are using SPADE 1 to support different processes, including a distributed configuration management system for C11 libraries and a complete software process based on Boehm s Spiral Model. 5.4 Other Systems ....

BANDINELLI, S., FUGGETTA, A., GHEZZI, C., AND LAVAZZA, L. 1994c. SPADE: An environment for software process analysis, design, and enactment. In Software Process Modeling and Technology, A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, Eds. Research Studies Press, London, U.K.

....architecture. Process enactment is centralized and tools communicate with the engine through point to point connections. Examples of such PSEEs are Adele [8] Arcadia [26] EPOS [11] JIL [25] Marvel [21] Merlin [23] Oikos [1] Process Weaver [19] Provence [7] SENTINEL [15] and SPADE [6, 5]. Endeavors [9] adopts a complex architecture to distribute process enactment. Several process engines may coexist. They communicate with standard point to point connections. As mentioned, this approach reduces the possibility of changing the system architecture at run time to cope with changes ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: an environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modelling and Technology. Research Studies Press Limited (J. Wiley), 1994.

....Interaction Environment SLANG Interpreter SLANG Interpreter Black box tool Black box tool Service based tool Process Engine Repository Process Enactment Environment Spade Communication Interface Service based tool forks forks Figure 5: The SPADE Architecture. 5. 1 SPADE SPADE [7] is a software engineering environment that supports software process analysis, design, enactment and evolution. SPADE is based on a process modeling language, called SLANG, which, in turn, is based on high level Petri nets. In SLANG process artifacts, including process models, are modeled as ....

S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: an environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, and B.A. Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modelling and Technology. Research Studies Press Limited (J. Wiley) , 1994.

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S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In [57], chapter 9, pages 223--247. John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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S. Bandinelli, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, L. Lavazza. SPADE: An environment for Software Process Analysis, Design and Enactment. In Software Process Modelling and Technology, John Wiley Publications, pp 223-247, 1994.

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Sergio Bandinelli, Alfonso Fuggetta, Carlo Ghezzi, and Luigi Lavazza. SPADE: An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design, and Enactment. In Anthony Finkelstein, Jeff Kramer, and Bashar Nuseibeh, editors, Software Process Modelling and Technology, chapter 9, pages 223--248. Research Studies Press, Ltd., Taunton, Somerset, England, 1994.

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S. Bandinelli, M. Barga, Alfonso Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design and Enactment. John Willey and Son inc, Research Study Press, Tauton Somerset, England, 1994.

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S. Bandinelli, M. Barga, A. Fuggetta, C. Ghezzi, and L. Lavazza. SPADE An Environment for Software Process Analysis, Design and Enactment. John Wiley & Sons, Research Study Press, Somerset, England, 1994.

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