N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios, IEEE Multimedia, 2(3):24-31, 1995.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....PREMO [41] High High No forward Hamakawa [40] constraints Moderate Moderate SMIL [88] RuleSync Table 7.2.1: Comparison of existing methods. to the presentation whereas the event based ones are triggered by events. A timeline approach with event based modeling is proposed in [43]. User interactions are considered but not VCR functions such as fast forward, fast backward, or skip. They emphasize the synchronous and asynchronous events. PREMO [41] presents an event based model that also manages time. It has synchronization points that may also be AND synchronization points ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenario. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3):24--31, 1995.

....[6] do not make use of time feature to express process scheduling. Some models propose a kind of time management but to the best of our knowledge there is no model taking into account activities synchronization control. We propose some operators, inspired from multimedia community [7] 8][9][10] to model and control time synchronization between activities. Our approach aims to preserve for users the advantages of the Web as a mean of access and communication and offer IS administrators technological means to control the work done in order to ensure both system evolution and ....

....Our proposition is mainly based on works axed on time specification for the management of multimedia data presentation. Such works have resulted in temporal relations definition [13] 14] 15] causal relations between intervals [16] and synchronous and asynchronous relations specification [9]. In reference to these works and after having identified useful relations between activities we have built the six temporal operators presented in fig.1, where A and B are activities process, and d is a delay eventually null. Temporal operators are binary ones and are defined as a function of two ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, & A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios, IEEE Multimedia, 2(3), 1995, 24-31.

....stacking up. ii) temporal aspects, i.e. when are the components presented. The topic of relations between temporal intervals has been addressed in [1] This model has been widely used in the context of multimedia systems [9] We propose some extensions to declarative temporal models such as [3] and [4] iii) composition aspects, i.e. how define the logical structure of the document. iv) database aspects, can express collection features or constraints. This means that query results can be used as a whole in the presentation, without expressing the presentation according to the ....

[N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, A. Karmouch, A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios, IEEE Multimedia,2(3), pp. 24-31, Fall 1995.

....cannot deal with such media segments because they require the knowledge of interval durations. Moreover, existing models do not sufficiently takeinto account user interactions. For example, Hirzalla et al. propose an extended timeline model that switches to sub timelines according to user choices [12]. MHEG standard provides mechanisms for specifying user input events and associating reactions with them [18] LMDM defines a fine grain scripting language for temporal composition that includes user interactions [21] However, integrating user interactions with intervals of unknown duration calls ....

N. Hirzalla, Ben Falchuk, and Ahmad Karmouch. A temporal model for interactivemultimedia scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3), 1995.

....during the construction of multimedia software. Therefore, it is the objective of this work to present an integrated modeling technique for timed procedural and interactive behavior. Different models and notions have been proposed for timed procedural and interactive multimedia behavior (e.g. [11, 10]) Nevertheless, the lasting disadvantage of many approaches is that they purely focus on behavior, but it is not specified how they are to be integrated with other aspects. As a consequence, object oriented models (e.g. 5] and (conceptual) frameworks (e.g. 1, 8] have been proposed that ....

....of temporal behavior within multimedia applications has been proposed which can be categorized into graph, Petri net, object oriented, and language based models according to [4] but none of the analyzed models fulfills all requirements listed therein. The timeline tree model presented in [10] is similar to our approach in that it allows to execute different predefined timelines in response to user interaction. But due to the lack of modularization and hierarchical structuring concepts, models become overwhelmingly complex even for moderate size applications. Adali et al. 2] present ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios. IEEE MultiMedia, 2(3):24--31, 1995.

....purpose such as petri net, time interval based, timeline, and graphic. Some of the semantic models developed in the recent past are graphical structures to model the multimedia presentations. Semantic models such as OCPN [14] MDS [6] Firefly [4] and Hirzalla et al. s graphical temporal model [11] all fall into this category. In other multimedia database systems [16] 17] 9] the emphasis is to present different media streams to users with query specifications. These models provide the searching capabilities to allow users to retrieve information from the database. Augmented transition ....

....as OVID does. These subnetworks can be used to answer the queries involving the temporal and spatial relations of semantic objects. Moreover, ATNs can model text and image media streams using subnetworks. Hence, database queries can access text and image information too. Hirzalla et al. [11] developed a graphical temporal model for interactive multimedia documents to expand the traditional timeline models such as Blakowski et al. 3] to include temporal inequalities between events. The main contribution of this model is to include user actions in their model. A new type of media ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios, " IEEE Multimedia, pp. 24-31, Fall 1995.

....happens at a specific point in time and may be atomic or composite. In multimedia literature events are not uniformly defined. In [16] events are defined as a temporal composition of objects, thus they have a temporal duration. In other proposals for multimedia composition and presentation, e.g. [8, 17], events correspond to temporal instances. We follow the latter understanding of the temporal aspect of events and consider events to be instantaneous. Multimedia information systems, however, widen the context of events, as defined in the domain of active databases. In addition to the temporal ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, A. Karmouch. "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios". IEEE Multimedia, Fall 1995, pp. 24-31.

....global features [56] 59] query by example (QBIC, Virage, VisualSEEk) 38] and query by user sketch [42] More recent work has been performed on object based classification [44] There have also been recent efforts related to the organization of multimedia data. Some of that work includes [40][41][46] 55] and [48] In addition, the development of the MPEG 7 standard has triggered a large number of proposals to describe and structure multimedia information [47] In the October 1999 MPEG 7 draft, descriptions schemes for multimedia data [65] are described: the visual description scheme (DS) ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios," IEEE Multimedia Magazine, Winter 1995.

....and scholars. Unlike conventional documents, multimediadocuments have multiple objects presented simultaneously and the objects presented tend to change with time. In addition, multimedia documents can provide various ways to interact with viewers changing the nature of the presented document [3] [11] The possibility of user interaction makes it very hard for authors to predict the course of presentation and to author a document without a good authoring tool. A good authoring tool then must be designed with a good model representing the temporal structure of interactive multimedia ....

....much attention has been paid to temporal models which let authors define possible interactions with users and represent dynamic organization of hypervideo documents. Some of the temporal models for interactive multimedia documents include Hirzalla, Falchuk and Karmouch s time line based model [3], Wahl, Wirag and Rothermel s TIEMPO [11] Rossum et al. s CMIFed [9] and Buchanan and Zellweger s Firefly [2] However, these models have limitations in expressing interactive multimedia documents with multiple source multiple destination hyperlinks such as interactive hypervideo documents, and ....

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N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, pages 24--31, Fall 1995.

....interaction feature. Moreover, when document size increases, the complexity of the model increases. This complexity can make it very difficult for users to understand the representation of sequences when the model includes many media streams and a great deal of control information. As mentioned in [7], the most prevalent temporal model is the timeline [2] which aligns all events on a single time axis. Although this model provides a simple and graphical representation, it does not model user interaction features because it requires a total specification of all temporal relationships among ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios, " IEEE Multimedia, pp. 24-31, Fall 1995.

....adaptation, and presentation neutral representation, which we expect to be demanded more and more by future multimedia applications. The requirements constitute a metric along which selected multimedia document models are analyzed in Section 4. Temporal model. A temporal model (see also [17, 24, 5, 8]) describes temporal dependencies between the media elements of a multimedia document. One can find four types of temporal models: point based temporal models, interval based temporal models, and event based temporal models. Another way to specify temporal relations between media elements is by ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3):24--31, Fall 1995.

....of multimedia systems. Thus, different models have been dedicated to modeling temporal behavior and timing constraints (e.g. the timed Petri nets OCPN in [15] or the interval based modeling presented in [23] More elaborate models also account for interactivity (e.g. the timeline tree model of [12]) since typical multimedia applications are expected to be highly interactive. Some of these models are rather technical, e.g. OCPN [15] The MOAP approach presented in [24] is merely a textual specification language for class definitions and specialized temporal and spatial relations for ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios, IEEE Multimedia, 2(3):24-31, 1995.

....an image, an audio, a video, or even a lipsynchronized audiovideo. These objects may be modeled differently depending whether they are considered as monolithic or as stream objects. 3.1. 1 Presentation of monolithic objects We refer here to the temporal model initially proposed by Karmouch and al [8] for modeling the presentation of basic interactive multimedia scenarios (or objects) The model characterizes the presentation of a media object on a time line as composed of three basic units, whose edges represent start or end events. These events may be either synchronous (represented by ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, pages 24--31, Fall 1995.

....11] Second, the conceptual model does not have the mechanisms to handle the different delay situations. Some models handle a communication delay by adjusting the playout deadline schedule for the media streams; however, they do not provide the necessary actions for different communication delays [1, 5, 7]. Third, existing conceptual models are either too complex for the users to understand [1, 7, 10, 11] or too simple to let users see the whole view of the presentation schedule [5] Fourth, few existing conceptual models model both temporal and spatial relations. They either develop a temporal ....

.... for the media streams; however, they do not provide the necessary actions for different communication delays [1, 5, 7] Third, existing conceptual models are either too complex for the users to understand [1, 7, 10, 11] or too simple to let users see the whole view of the presentation schedule [5]. Fourth, few existing conceptual models model both temporal and spatial relations. They either develop a temporal model to capture synchronization information [1, 5, 7, 10, 11] or use image computer vision techniques to get content based information in the image or video. In our previous works, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

N. Hirzalla, Ben Falchuk, and Ahmed Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios," IEEE Multimedia, pp. 24-31, Fall 1995.

....spatial index in order to support these operators. The analytical evaluation of the proposed schemes is presented in Section 4. We conclude in Section 5 summarising our work and giving hints for future research. 2. MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION MODELLING Modelling of MAPs is a matter of current research [Duda95, Hirz95]. As a part of our research we have specified object oriented models for multimedia applications. More specifically, we have specified models for compositions of multimedia objects in MAPs [Vazi95c] and models for representation of MAP interactive scenarios based on events [Vazi95a, Vazi95b] The ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuck, A. Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios", IEEE Multimedia Magazine, Fall 1995.

....or composite. In the multimedia literature events are not uniformly defined. In [SW95] events are defined as a temporal composition of objects, thus they have a temporal duration. In other proposals for multimedia composition #########W 1 t 2 time user interaction 5 and presentation, e.g. HFK95, VS96] events correspond to temporal instances. We follow the latter understanding of the temporal aspect of events and consider events to be instantaneous. Multimedia information systems, however, widen the context of events, as defined in the domain of active databases. In addition to the ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, A. Karmouch. "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios". IEEE Multimedia, Fall 1995, pp. 24-31.

....cannot deal with such media segments because they require the knowledge of interval durations. Moreover, existing models do not sufficiently take into account user interactions. For example, Hirzalla et al. propose an extended timeline model that switches to sub timelines according to user choices [12]. MHEG standard provides mechanisms for specifying user input events and associating reactions with them [18] LMDM defines a fine grain scripting language for temporal composition that includes user interactions [21] However, integrating user interactions with intervals of unknown duration calls ....

N. Hirzalla, Ben Falchuk, and Ahmad Karmouch. A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3), 1995.

....ability to support single stream transport and playback, they fail to address the problem in the presence of multiple multimedia streams. In many multimedia presentations and documents, multimedia objects are not isolated; instead, they are related with each other both temporally and spatially [8, 9, 1]. The MHEG standard under development by ISO s Multimedia Hypermedia Expert Group also defines a correlation structure among multimedia objects [10] Due to the temporal structure among multimedia objects, resource requirement varies at different stages during the lifetime of a presentation. This ....

....directions. 2 Synchronization Distributed Multimedia Sessions The most direct way to describe the temporal relationships among multimedia objects is through visual representations. There are a number of visual models to describe temporal relations among multimedia objects, such as Petri Net [1, 9] and time line [9, 10] Figure 1 shows an example of a petri net representation. The temporal relationship is defined based on the synchronization points. We use the explicit temporal intervals in our definition of SDMS, to be independent of the representation model. The intervals can easily be ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3), 1995.

.... duration that occur, for instance, in the context of user interaction in multimedia presentations (e.g. Object Composition Petri Nets (OCPN) LG93] Therefore, enhanced interval based temporal models have been proposed to handle open time intervals and indefinite interval relationships [DK95, HFK95, WR94] In an event based model of time, events determine the temporal course of the presentation. An event is connected to actions and when an event occurs, e.g. a video reaches a certain point in time, the corresponding actions, typically start and stop of the presentation of other media ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3):24--31, Fall 1995.

....as response to sender s advertisement. The reservation request is carried backwards toward the sender while reserving resources on the returning path. Recent work in multimedia presentations and multimedia documents defines a temporal and spatial correlation structure among multimedia objects [7, 8]. In other words, multimedia objects making up a presentation are not isolated; instead, they are organized together both temporally and spatially (on screen) The MHEG standard under development by ISO s Multimedia Hypermedia Expert Group suggests the same correlation structure for multimedia ....

N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch. A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios. IEEE Multimedia, 2(3), 1995.

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N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios, IEEE Multimedia, 2(3):24-31, 1995.

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N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, A. Karmough, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios", IEEE Multimedia, Fall 1995.

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N. Hirzalla, B. Falchunk, and A. Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios," IEEE MultiMedia, Vol. 2, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 24-31.

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N. Hirzalla, B. Falchuk, and A. Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios," IEEE Multimedia Magazine, Winter 1995.

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N. Hirzalla, Ben Falchuk, and Ahmed Karmouch, "A Temporal Model for Interactive Multimedia Scenarios," IEEE Multimedia, Fall 1995, pp. 24-31.

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