Garfield E., 1979. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities. John Wiley, New York.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....for positive classification in this domain. Bibllometrlc Interpretation of Citation Based Rules Some of the citation based rules learned by FOIL have a natural bibliometric interpretation. Bibliometrics studies the development of scientific disciplines by analyzing their citation structure [6, 15]. For example, the following rule discovers an instance of the concept of bibli ographic coupling: TM lp(A) ctes(A,B) ctedby doc102608(B) Document 102608 cites several highly authoritative papers in ILP, thus increasing the chance of document A belonging to the ILP class if A and document ....

Eugene Gaxfield. Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979. ISBN 089495024X.

....for positive classi cation in this domain. Bibliometric Interpretation of Citation Based Rules Some of the citation based rules learned by FOIL have a natural bibliometric interpretation. Bibliometrics studies the development of scienti c disciplines by analyzing their citation structure [6, 15]. For example, the following rule discovers an instance of the concept of bibliographic coupling: ilp(A) cites(A,B) citedby doc102608(B) Document 102608 cites several highly authoritative papers in ILP, thus increasing the chance of document A belonging to the ILP class if A and document ....

Eugene Gar eld. Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979. ISBN 089495024X.

....the culture of cross university collaboration in both Scotland and America. Many studies have demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between citation counts and ratings of academic excellence as measured in terms of research funding, editorships of major journals and peer group ratings [7]. In the UK, the funding bodies for higher education periodically conduct an RAE to evaluate the quality of research in different university departments. Oppenheim [8] showed that there is a correlation between citation counts and the 1992 RAE ratings for British library and information science ....

E. Garfield, Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1979.

....beginning was much broader. It can bring additional value in making scientific progress more visible and understandable. Using knowldege discovery techniques can help to classify and cluster work and thus discover development trends, anomalies and dependencies among workgroups and research topics [Gar79] Though this vision has been around for quite some time now only during the last few years first steps toward the realization have been done. The major problems are integration of metadata from the various available sources and the identification of objects in this global, integrated scope. For ....

E. Garfield. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979.

....from the source, s, to the sink, t, that obeys all capacity constraints. Intuitively, if edges are water pipes and vertices are pipe junctions, then the maximum flow problem tells you how much water you can move from one junction to another. The Max Flow Min Cut theorem of Ford and Fulkerson [5] proves that the maximum flow of the network is identical to the minimum cut that separates s and t. Many polynomial time algorithms exist for solving the s t maximum flow problem [7] Figure 1 shows the basic intuition of our approach. We choose one or more seed sites to play the role of the ....

....401:130 131, 1999. 3] A. L. Barabasi and R. Albert. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286, 1999. 4] G. W. Flake, S. Lawrence, and C. L. Giles. Efficient identification of web communities. In Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pages 150 160, 2000. [5] L. R. Ford Jr. and D. R. Fulkerson. Maximal flow through a network. Canadian J. Math. 8:399 404, 1956. 6] M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson. Computers and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP completeness. W. H. Freeman, New York, 1979. 7] Andrew V. Goldberg and Robert E. Tarjan. A new ....

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E. Garfield. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science. Wiley, New York, 1979.

....in the link structure of a hyperlinked environment (such as the WWW) Here each column of the matrix A is still a document (web page) but now an element a ij is nonzero if there is a link from the i th page to the j th. We borrow terminology from bibliometry of scientific publication, see Garfield [8], and call these term rows cocitations. Kleinberg calls the cited documents (columns) authorities and the citing (rows) hubs. The leading singular vectors of A determine the hub weight and authority weight of documents (web pages) Kleinberg seeks documents of high authority weight in a subset ....

E. Garfield, Citation Indexing -- Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities, Wiley, New York,

....citations in academic papers also create links from a portion of an object (characterized, perhaps, by some neighborhood around the link itself) to an entire object. 1 The PageRank algorithm used in Google provides an obvious example of how useful hypertext links can be (Brin Page, 1998) Garfield (1979) used bibliographic citations as a basis for retrieval, and that technique has recently been applied to the Web as well (Lawrence, et al. 1999) At the scope of a segment, selective inclusion of a portion of one document in another, using either copy and paste or a manually retyped quotation ....

Garfield, E. (1979) Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

....above. Oard Kim (1998) extended that work, organizing the behaviors into three broad categories (examination, retention, and reference) They also presented examples from related fields, for example, using Web link analysis (Brin Page, 1998) and indexing based on bibliographic citations (Garfield, 1979) to illustrate the potential of implicit feedback based on reference behavior. 3. Experiment Design Previous studies on implicit feedback have found that predictions based on reading time can be about as accurate for USENET as those based on explicit ratings (Morita Shinoda, 1994; Konstan et ....

.... feedback have found that predictions based on reading time can be about as accurate for USENET as those based on explicit ratings (Morita Shinoda, 1994; Konstan et al. 1997) Evidences from practice clearly indicates that some types of reference behavior are valuable as well (Brin Page, 1998; Garfield, 1979). We know less, however, about the utility of many other types of observable user behaviors, such as print, save, or purchase. We thus chose to focus on printing behavior, because our intuition suggested that users might spend less time reading a document in cases in which they decided to print it ....

Garfield, E. (1979) Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities.

....technology and Internet browsers. If hypertext links represent a relatively new concept, information studies have known other forms of interdocument relationships for a long time. For example, bibliographic references contained in a document have been applied to promote the citation indexing [14,20,23] used in various library studies [9] Weinstock [42] enumerates the advantages of this approach over more traditional indexing methods. Citation indexing is independent of words and language, and thus may partially remove the underlying ambiguity of all natural languages. This ambiguity and the ....

E. Garfield. Citation indexing: its theory and application in science, technology and humanities. The ISI Press, Philapdelphia, PA, 1983.

....research papers are often made available on the homepages of authors and institutions. In this paper, we analyze publication and citation patterns for computer science papers on the web, and compare our results with similar analysis of computer science literature in the Science Citation Index [2, 3]. The Science Citation Index R (SCI) created by Dr. Eugene Garfield and the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) www.isinet.com) is an index of the significant scientific journals. The SCI is created with manual assistance from human indexers, and it is expensive to index all of the ....

Eugene Garfield. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979. ISBN 089495024X.

....neighborhood around the link itself) to another object, although the refinement to a portion of a document has not been exploited often. Brin Page (1998) provide an example of how hypertext links might be used, although their focus is on population statistics rather than individual preferences. Garfield (1979) describes the design of retrieval systems that are based on bibliographic citations. Alternatively, selective inclusion of another document, using either cut and paste or a quotation, creates a link from an information object to a portion of another. 3. Experiment Design Although some ....

Garfield, E. (1979) Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

....search or by citation links. Papers related to a given paper can be located using common citation information or word vector similarity. CiteSeer will soon be available for public use. KEYWORDS: citation indexing, citation context, literature search, bibliometrics. INTRODUCTION A citation index [6] indexes the links between articles that researchers make when they cite other articles. Citation indexes are very useful for a number of purposes, including literature search, evaluation, and analysis of the academic literature. This paper introduces CiteSeer, which is an automatic citation ....

....in cost, and powerful interactive browsing of the literature using the context of citations. CITATION INDEXING References contained in academic articles are used to give credit to previous work in the literature and provide a link between the citing and cited articles. A citation index [6] indexes the citations that an article makes, linking the articles with the cited works. Citation indexes were originally designed mainly for information retrieval [7] The citation links allow navigating the literature in unique ways. Papers can be located independent of language, and words in ....

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Eugene Garfield. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979.

....of this measure is therefore not expensive. This algorithm is called Bayesian KNN, and its performances are presented in section 4. 3. 3 A Citation Approach Another way to adapt KNN to the multiple instance problem was inspired to us by the notion of citation from library and information science (Garfield, 1979). In this domain, finding related documents (especially research papers) is an important research topic. One well known method is based on references and citers. If a research paper does cite another previously published paper (as known as its reference) the paper is said to be related to the ....

Garfield, E. (1979). Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

....article if one of the related documents was written prior to the date of the cited article (and hence the candidate cited article was unavailable for citing no matter how relevant) Co citation information becomes richer over time as more papers are published that cite given documents. Garfield [2] describes the work behind the creation of SCI and additional co citation studies revealing the structure of scientific disciplines. McCain [8] uses authors rather than documents as a unit of study, selecting a set of 58 authors from the field of population genetics which are analyzed using ....

E. Garfield. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979. ISBN 089495024X.

....a lot of time and dedication from the community. But we are clearly on the right path. 3 Autonomous citation indexing References contained in academic papers are used to give credit to previous work in the literature and provide a link between the citing and cited papers. A citation index (Garfield 1979) indexes the citations that an paper makes. It links the papers with the cited works. Citation indexes were originally designed mainly for information retrieval (Garfield 1994a) A citation index allows to navigate the literature in unique ways. Papers can be located independent of language, words ....

Garfield, Eugene (1979). Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley.

....mentioned above. Oard Kim (1998) extended that work, organizing the behaviors into three broad categories (examination, retention, reference) They also presented examples from related fields, for example, using Web link analysis (Brin Page, 1998) and indexing based on bibliographic citations (Garfield, 1979) to illustrate the potential of implicit feedback based on reference behavior. Table 1 shows a further refinement of the framework developed in (Oard Kim, 1998) in which the behaviors are further sorted by the scale of the information objects being manipulated. The segment level includes ....

.... have found that predictions based on reading time can be about as accurate for USENET as those based on explicit ratings (Morita Shinoda, 1994; Konstan et al. 1997) and evidence from practice clearly indicates that some types of reference behavior are valuable as well (Brin Page, 1998; Garfield, 1979). We know little, however, about the utility of many other types of observable behaviors. We thus chose to focus on retention behavior, both because it was easily measured and because our intuition suggested that users might spend less time reading a document in cases in which they decided to save ....

Garfield, E. (1979) Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities.

....Measuring use and dissemination of STI is inherently difficult. The common approach is to make a number of simplifying assumptions to make the problem tractable. For example, use of a document is often measured by citation analysis, even though the limitations of citation analysis are well known (Garfield, 1979; Lindsey, 1989; Schubert Braun, 1993) In the absence of a more compelling metric, citation analysis remains the best commonly available indicator of usage. In measuring dissemination, measurement is almost always limited to primary dissemination. Secondary, or collegial , dissemination is ....

....subject (Schwartz, 1997) and the exact numbers are a subject of debate, but we simply assume that uncitedness occurs at some significant level. Methodological papers in the sciences are often not highly cited, nor are obvious, classical works that authors leave out because they are so well known (Garfield, 1979). There is also evidence that supports the claim that not all citations should be considered good ; some citations have more complex motivations such as negation or refutation (MacRoberts MacRoberts, 1984; Brooks, 1986) Although citation analysis provides a measure of a work s impact on the ....

Garfield, E. (1979) Citation Indexing -- Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities. Philadelphia: ISI Press.

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Garfield E., 1979. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities. John Wiley, New York.

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E. Garfield, Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979

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E. Garfield. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities. The ISI Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1983.

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Garfield, E. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. Wiley, New York, 1979.

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Garfield E, Citation indexing--its theory and application in science. technology and humanities. New York: Wiley. 1979. 274 p. 317

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E. Garfield, Citation Indexing -- Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1979.

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Garfield E. Citation indexing--its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. New York: Wiley,

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E. Garfield, Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.

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