R.D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4). www.firstmonday.org, 1997.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....certain research areas citation indexes have been published in paper form practically since the beginning of scientific publishing. Well known indices like those provided by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) are available as databases and in some cases are also available online. In [Cam97] Cameron proposes a universal database dedicated to keeping citation indexes. The main problem with both above mentioned approaches is that citation information has to be added and maintained manually and that there is no concept of using existing information from a variety of sources already ....

R. D. Cameron. A Universal Citation Database as a Catalyst for Reform in Scholarly Communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....and the community is lacking. efficient search engine. The literature is also split between competing libraries run by separate publishers and professional societies. Citation linking across these artificial boundaries improves the e Scholar s access by linking research papers to cited material [7, 30, 33, 34]. Careful analysis of these citations can reveal research fronts, trends and perspectives [11, 19, 20] However, the Web itself has been seldom observed to exhibit such associatively linked hypermedia to its full potential [9, 10] documents that are closely related are rarely linked together, ....

Cameron, 1L, A Universal Citation Database as a Catalyst for Reform in Scholarly Communication, First Monday 2,4 (April 7 th, 1997).

....in the personal web, it would not allow citation navigation across the boundary to the WWW, since citations, unlike hyper links (URLs) cannot be reached with a standard browser. Cameron has proposed a universal bibliographic and citation database linking every scholarly work ever written [5], but until a major search engine makes this a reality, WebTop users will only be able to crawl from the personal web to the WWW through hyperlinks. WebTop as a User Assisted Personal Crawler Domain specific search engines, such as CiteSeer [13] provide better relevancy by limiting the search ....

Cameron, R., A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....collections and suitable for clustering or probabilistic retrieval [93] Document spaces are a key concept in those theories. Human understanding is captured in conceptual spaces. Various spaces or subspaces can handle metadata like author and date, or relationships like citation based links [30, 64, 16]. Multimedia systems must represent real as well as synthetic spaces in one or several dimensions, limited by some presentational space (windows, views, projections) and transformed to other spaces to facilitate processing such as compression [104, 128] Many of the synthetic spaces represented in ....

Robert D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....prior works in a field has long been an important technique for literature research. Unfortunately, the available indexes (e.g. SCI and SSCI) tend to be quite limited in their coverage, indexing only selected sets of print academic journals without including e journals and Web pages. Cameron [21] called for a universal, Internet based, bibliographic and citation database which would link every scholarly work ever written no matter how published to every work that it cites and every work that cites it. Such a database could revolutionize many aspects of scholarly communication: ....

Cameron, R. D. A universal citation database as catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2, 4 (1997). Available: http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_4/cameron/index.html

....does not contain the compete text of all papers) From there, sophisticated searches of the complete text could be performed. Just as many economists use Internet search engines, they could use this database, say named RePEc , to perform sophisticated searches of working papers. As described by Cameron (1997) and Ginsparg et al. 1999) a subsidiary database of citations pulled from the papers could be used for citation filtering for example, an economist could track all working papers that cite a specific paper. This would be doubly useful if it was integrated with citation linking in EconLit ....

Cameron, R. D. (1997). A Universal Citation Database as a Catalyst for Reform in Scholarly Communication. First Monday 2(4). <http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_4/ cameron/index.html>.

.... related to a set of key references [8] and bibliographic coupling, which allows navigation by locating papers which share one or more references [8] A Universal Citation Database Cameron proposed a universal bibliographic and citation database which would link every scholarly work ever written [3]. He describes a system in which all published research would be available to and searchable by any scholar with Internet access. The database would include citation links and would be comprehensive and up to date. Perhaps the most important difference between Cameron s vision of a universal ....

....along with a simple baseline method for comparison. For all of these methods, we found that normalizing certain aspects of citations tends to improve the results. We have used the following normalizations: 1. Conversion to lowercase. 2. Removal of hyphens. 3. Removal of citation tags, e.g. [3], Giles 92] at the beginning of the citation. 4. Expansion of common abbreviations, e.g. conf. conference, proc. proceedings. Common abbreviations for the following words are currently expanded: conference, proceedings, international, society, transactions, and technical report. 5. Removal of ....

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Robert D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....Unfortunately, only a limited subset of journals is covered; conference proceedings or technical reports are not contained at all. A license for the Science Citation Index is quite expensive. The format of its entries is closed. It is not possible for the user to add annotations. R. D. Cameron [Cam97] suggests building a universal citation database that links all publications ever written according to the citations among them. He discusses a distributed approach using di#erent servers for di#erent sources such as journals, conferences, etc. He proposes to form a consortium of universities, ....

....with their papers, a proposal for an annotated geombib entry to a conference or to a journal. The referees could, without additional e#ort, check whether the proposed entry is correct and complete, and forward it to the database manager. This approach, which has also been suggested by Cameron [Cam97], is also in the authors interest. ....

R.D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997. URL http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2 4/cameron/index.html.

....an indication of the importance of the paper, # a citation index can provide detailed analyses of research trends and identify emerging areas of science. Garfield 1994b) Cameron proposed a universal bibliographic and citation database which would link every scholarly work ever written (Cameron 1997). He describes a system in which all published research would be available to and searchable by any scholar with Internet access. The database would include citation links and would be comprehensive and up to date. However his proposal requires authors or institutions to provide citation ....

Cameron, Robert D. (1997). A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday 2(4).

....covered by the citation indexes, their impact is not well understood. Citation analysis must be augmented with other methods to accurately reflect usage of items not well represented in the citation indexes; for example, books, technical reports, conference proceedings, and electronic documents (Cameron, 1997). Another issue with citation analysis is uncertainty about what citation counts measure. The importance of citation counts in determining a scientific author s success varies widely among different fields and disciplines. There is also much about the meaning of citation rates that remains ....

....methods for determining their impact on the scientific and research community. The development of a better citation database is another possible avenue for future work, although it would be an ambitious project. There are a few researchers beginning to look into this more closely. For example, Cameron (1997) suggests the development of a universal Internet based citation database, not unlike what is depicted in Figure 1. One area for further consideration is to perform citation analysis on our own LTRS collection. The CiteSeer tool provides a method for automatically extracting and indexing the ....

Cameron, R. D. (1997). A Universal Citation Database as a Catalyst for Reform in Scholarly Communication. First Monday, 2(4).

....to journal papers, while 30.3 were to conference papers, 18.0 were to books, and 32.0 were to technical reports, theses, and web pages. For details of the citation matching and citation indexing in CiteSeer see [3, 13] For related research, see the Open Journal Project [15] and Cameron s [9] proposal of a universal, Internet based, bibliographic and citation database linking every scholarly work ever written . Note that CiteSeer has a general philosophy of investigating word insensitive algorithms before introducing algorithms that use specific word information. This is in order ....

....Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts (1997) Jurgen Fritsch, Michael Finke, Alex Waibel ffritsch ,finkem,waibelg cs.cmu.edu Interactive Systems Laboratories Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 . is performed (1) on vowel classification and (2) within a hybrid version of the JANUS [9] speech recognition system using a subset of the Switchboard large vocabulary speaker independent continuous speech recognition database. INTRODUCTION The Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts (HME) architecture [2,3,4] has proven useful for classification and regression tasks in small to medium ....

Robert D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....performance only and to use utopian imagery [when examining] social meaning or implications. 41] One of the most worrying examples of techno utopianism in digital libraries is the unquali ed and misleading use of the term universal. Libraries such as the Universal Library and writings such as [14, 53] aim help all of the institutions responsible for the collection of mankind s works [ place these works on the internet to educate and inspire all of the world s people. What is rarely, if ever, spoken of is that any such system is likely to be non universal for a number of reasons: 1. ....

Robert D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....effort required during indexing. The rise of the Internet and the Web has lead to proposals for online digital libraries that incorporate citation indexing. For example, Cameron proposed a universal, Internet based, bibliographic and citation database linking every scholarly work ever written (Cameron, 1997). Such a database would be highly comprehensive and up to date , making it a powerful tool for academic literature research, and for the production of statistics as with traditional citation indices. However, Cameron s proposal presents significant difficulty for implementation, and requires ....

Cameron, R. D. (1997), `A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication', First Monday 2(4), http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_4/cameron/index.html.

.... related to a set of key references [8] and bibliographic coupling, which allows navigation by locating papers which share one or more references [8] A Universal Citation Database Cameron proposed a universal bibliographic and citation database which would link every scholarly work ever written [3]. He describes a system in which all published research would be available to and searchable by any scholar with Internet access. The database would include citation links and would be comprehensive and up to date. Perhaps the most important difference between Cameron s vision of a universal ....

....along with a simple baseline method for comparison. For all of these methods, we found that normalizing certain aspects of citations tends to improve the results. We have used the following normalizations: 1. Conversion to lowercase. 2. Removal of hyphens. 3. Removal of citation tags, e.g. [3], Giles 92] at the beginning of the citation. 4. Expansion of common abbreviations, e.g. conf. conference, proc. proceedings. Common abbreviations for the following words are currently expanded: conference, proceedings, international, society, transactions, and technical report. 5. Removal ....

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Robert D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997.

....Retrieval and Identification of Interesting Publications Kurt D. Bollacker 1;2 , Steve Lawrence 2 , and C. Lee Giles 2;3 fkurt,lawrence,gilesg research.nj. nec.com 1 University of Texas at Austin 2 NEC Research Institute 3 UMIACS, University of Maryland Austin, TX 78712 Princeton, NJ 08540 College Park, MD 20742 Abstract Published research papers available on the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) are often poorly organized, often exist in non text form (e.g. Postscript) documents, and increase in quantity daily. Significant amounts of time and effort are commonly needed to find ....

....of Interesting Publications Kurt D. Bollacker 1;2 , Steve Lawrence 2 , and C. Lee Giles 2;3 fkurt,lawrence,gilesg research.nj. nec.com 1 University of Texas at Austin 2 NEC Research Institute 3 UMIACS, University of Maryland Austin, TX 78712 Princeton, NJ 08540 College Park, MD 20742 Abstract Published research papers available on the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) are often poorly organized, often exist in non text form (e.g. Postscript) documents, and increase in quantity daily. Significant amounts of time and effort are commonly needed to find interesting and relevant ....

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CAMERON, R. D. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday (February 1997).

....to provide citation linking across journal sites from different publishers. However, most scientific papers available on the Web currently provide no form of citation linking. Cameron proposed a universal bibliographic and citation database that would link every scholarly work ever written [3]. He described a system in which all published research would be available to and searchable by any scholar with Internet access. The database would include citation links and would be comprehensive and up to date. Cameron s proposed system would avoid the requirement for manual assistance in ....

....quality concentration) ISI primarily indexes only top ranking journals in SCI [5] A recurrent criticism against SCI is that the index is biased because of the journal selection process. The selection of journals tends to change slowly, often failing to keep up with the development of new journals [3]. For literature search, the restriction to journal articles can be very significant. In many research fields such as computer science and mathematics, significant results can appear in conference proceedings that either do not appear in journal form for months or years, or do not appear in a ....

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Robert D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4), 1997, http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_4/cameron/index.html.

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R.D. Cameron. A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2(4). www.firstmonday.org, 1997.

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R.D. Cameron, "A Universal Citation Database As a Catalyst for Reform in Scholarly Communication," First Monday, Apr. 1997, http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/ issue2_4/cameron/index.html.

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