O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, Norway, 1968.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....good tool support for refactoring of Java source code. We therefore decided to delay most of the major structural changes to the optimisation phase, to take advantage of these existing tools. 6. 2 Shift to Object Orientation Object oriented programming, while invented in the 60 s with Simula 67 [14], became popular in the late 80 s and early 90 s with the availability of programming languages such as Smalltalk [27] C [61] and Java [28] Some programmers adopted object oriented ideas while still working with non objectoriented languages. In fact, research continues on how to express ....

Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjorn Myhrhaug, and Kristen Nygaard. The Simula67 Common Base Language. Technical report, Oslo, Norway, October 1970.

....investigated [16] On the object side, nested classes with virtual or abstract types [30,39,12] can model the essential properties of signatures with abstract types in ML like module systems [29] In principle, this is not a new development. Class nesting has been introduced already in Simula 67 [17], whereas virtual or abstract types are present in BETA [31] as well as more recently in gbeta [19] Rune [42] and Scala [33] An essential ingredient of these systems are objects with type members. There is currently much work that explores the uses of this concept in object oriented programming ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. Simula: Common base language. Technical report, Norwegian Computing Center, October 1970.

....by the keyword self. Since the same identifier is used to represent self reference in the inherited definition and the definition in which it is embedded, self reference is shared between them. This interpretation served as the original definition of inheritance for the language Simula [8]. The e#ect of inheritance can also be understood at the level of the values defined by self referential definitions. In this case the changes e#ected by inheritance represent a pervasive modification of the value, because it a#ects every reference to the original value, including self reference ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. The SIMULA 67 common base language. Technical report, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, 1970. Publication S-22.

....On the object side, nested classes with virtual or abstract types [MMP89, Tho97, BOW98] can model the essential properties of signatures with abstract types in ML like module systems [Mac84] In principle, this is not a new development. Class nesting has been introduced already in Simula 67 [DMN70] whereas virtual or abstract types are present in BETA [MMPN93] as well as more recently in gbeta [Ern99] Rune [Tor02] and Scala [Ode02] An essential ingredient of these systems are objects with type members. There is currently much work that explores the uses of this concept in ....

Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjrn Myhrhaug, and Kristen Nygaard. Simula: Common base language. Technical report, Norwegian Computing Center, October 1970.

.... technique for achieving this is data abstraction (see for example Hoare in chapter 2 of [10] This has been explored as an aid to good programming style in such recent languages as ALPHARD [31] CLU [25] and ADA [20] which may be thought of as developing one aspect of the SIMULA class concept [11]. An abstract data type, such as set or queue , is defined by a collection of procedures which create elements of the type and operate on them. The implementations of these procedures and the representation of the type itself are hidden from the user; his code relies solely on the specified ....

Dahl, O-J., Myhrhaug, B. and Nygaard, K. The SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Publication S22, Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, 1970.

....by programming languages that encourage the or13 ganization of programs around independent abstractions, and by specification languages that can be used to describe these abstractions in an implementation independent fashion. Examples of such programming languages abound, and include Simula 67 [Dahl 70] CLU [Liskov 81] Smalltalk [Goldberg 84] and Ada [Barnes 80] Examples of specification languages, which are hardly less numerous but perhaps less well known, include Larch [Guttag 85] Clear [Burstall 81] Iota [Nakajima 80] and Z [Abrial 80] A programming method that exploits the ....

O. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. The SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Publication S-22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1970.

....for that language. One can see a growth of a theoretical concept to its realization in silicon which took less than a decade. A more recent trend in the development of usable languages is those which are called object oriented . Their genesis is Dahl and Nygaard s Simula 67 language [DMN68] Languages like Smalltalk 80 [GR83] and Ei el [Mey88] are being recognised as having potential to increase the productivity of programmers; there is now progress in studying concurrency in this framework [Ame89] Acknowledgements This text is an extended version of a paper which was to have ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 common base language. Technical Report S-2, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1968. 37

....1 2.Objects 3 2.1.Syntax 3 2.2.Semantics 4 3.Tableau Systems 6 3.1.Syntax and Semantics of Prefixed Formulae 7 3.2.Tableau System OB 8 3.3.Soundeness 11 4.Conclusions 14 Acknowledgments 14 References 15 1. Introduction The object paradigm started with the language SIMULA [Dahl et al. 67] and is nowadays popular among software engineering researchers namely in the area of systems specification [Loucopoulos and Zicari 92] An object [SernadasA et al. 89, SernadasA et al. 91] includes a set of local attributes and set of local actions (events) and it is able to interact with other ....

Dahl, O., Myhrhaug, B., Nygaard, K., Simula 67: Common Base Language, Norwegian Computing Center, 1967.

....This approach is also sensitive to changes in the class hierarchy [14] and sometimes leads to unexpected results. Some of the problems with the CLOS linearization algorithm are fixed in Dylan [3] 2.3. 3 Java approach: avoid multiple inheritance Early object oriented languages such as Simula67 [7] and Smalltalk 76 [10] had only single inheritance. Since the experience with multiple inheritance accumulated by C users does not lead to any definite conclusions, the designers of Java decided that the complications introduced by multiple inheritance outweigh the benefits, and did not include ....

Dahl, O-J., Myrhaug, B., and Nygaard, K. (1970). SIMULA Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Center S-22.

....of objects that do not need to be implemented is reached, either because they correspond to real world entities, or they are supported by the chosen programming and database environment, or by the existing operating system. Although the concept of object can be traced back to 1967 with Simula [Dahl et al. 67] and the principles for programming specifying in the large (modular decomposition and stepwise refinement) have been layed since [Hoare 72; Parnas 72] the ensuing work of formalisation has been developed mainly by the so called ADT school (since [Zilles 74; Goguen et al. 78] around the ....

O.-J.Dahl, B.Myhrhaug and K.Nygaard, SIMULA 67: Common Base Language, Norwegian Computing Center, 1967

....the different activities in a system and the interactions between them is the prime challenge in designing concurrent applications. 14 2.2. 1 A Brief History and Classification of Concurrent Object Systems Objects and concurrency started off together back in the late sixties with Simula [Dah70], but they tended to go their own ways for a while. Concurrent objects were a hot topic in the eighties with two main approaches being pursued: adding object orientation to concurrent programming (object oriented concurrent programming) and adding concurrency to object oriented programming ....

Dahl O. J., Myrhaug B. and Nygaard K., "SIMULA Common Base Language", Norwegian Computing Centre S-22, Oslo, Norway, 1970 373

....the general classes assume to interact with objects of certain types, that support specific operations. Inheritance makes it possible to create subclasses subtypes of the given type, and dynamic binding makes it possible to execute the new application specific code. Class Simulation in Simula [7][13] was the first example of an application framework. This was done for the application domain, Discrete Event Simulation. Lately the application framework approach has gained popularity in particular for the development of user interfaces for modern windowing system. The second, and most ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1970. NCC Publication S-52.

....the different activities in a system and the interactions between them is the prime challenge in designing concurrent applications. 14 2.2. 1 A Brief History and Classification of Concurrent Object Systems Objects and concurrency started off together back in the late sixties with Simula [Dah70], but they tended to go their own ways for a while. Concurrent objects were a hot topic in the eighties with two main approaches being pursued: adding object orientation to concurrent programming (object oriented concurrent programming) and adding concurrency to object oriented programming ....

Dahl O. J., Myrhaug B. and Nygaard K., "SIMULA Common Base Language", Norwegian Computing Centre S-22, Oslo, Norway, 1970 85

....[Mos 89a] Mos 89b] but the idea is the same. Quite similarly, adequate structuring mechanisms are needed to organise programs to facilitate their development and understanding (and to enable separate compilation of program components) Many modern programming languages, beginning with Simula [DMN 70] and including Modula 2 [Wirth 88] CLU [Lis 81] Ada [Ada 80] and Standard ML [MTH 90] provide some notion of a program module to allow the programmer to structure the code being written. Again, an important structuring mechanism here is parameterisation. A parameterised program module F (an ML ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myrhaug and K. Nygaard. Simula 67 common base language. Report S-22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo (1970).

....Finally we present a set of requirements for a concurrent object oriented language to support a flexible concurrency model with an emphasis on the reuse of both synchronisation and functional code. 1. Introduction Objects and concurrency started off together back in the late sixties with Simula [Dah70], but they tended to go their own ways for a while. Concurrent objects were a hot topic in the eighties with two main approaches being pursued: adding the object paradigm to concurrent programming (object oriented concurrent programming) and adding concurrency to objectoriented programming ....

Dahl O.J. , Myrhaug B. and Nygaard K., "SIMULA Common Base Language", Norwegian Computing Centre S-22, Oslo, Norway, 1970

....in C SIM which are architecturally neutral. In addition it should be possible to interface other packages libraries to the simulation system. These requirements were realised in the following design decisions: the discrete event process based simulation facilities provided by SIMULA [1][2] and its simulation classes and libraries have a considerable experience and user community which have found them to be successful for a wide variety of simulations. In later versions of the system additional simulation classes were added which provide extra functionality. 1 . inheritance was to ....

O-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, K. Nygaard, "SIMULA Common Base Language", Norwegian Computing Centre

....discussed in [10] 6. Inheritance While superposition is suited for top down design, inheritance is a closely related bottom up technique for modular construction of reusable components. Language constructs for inheritance have been developed in connection with object oriented programming [11]. Inheriting a previously defined class in DisCo means that, in addition to the specific attributes of the new class, all the attributes of the inherited class are also assumed, including the capability to participate in the actions defined for it. Inheritance of several classes, and multiple ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug and K. Nygaard, Simula 67 common base language. Report S-22, Norwegian Computer Center, Oslo, 1970.

....question having to do with the behavior of the objects of the two types: the objects of the subtype ought to behave the same as those of the supertype as far as anyone or any program using supertype objects can tell. For example, in strongly typed object oriented languages such as Simula 67[9], C [35] Modula 3[32] and Trellis Owl[33] subtypes are used to broaden the assignment statement. An assignment x: T : E Supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense, monitored by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014 91 J 4136 and in ....

O-J. Dahl, B. Myrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA common base language. Technical Report 22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, 1970.

....way. At last, we present an implementation realized with the C and RC languages. Key Words. Concurrent object oriented programming. Reactive programming. Events and broadcast communication. Introduction La programmation orient ee objet, dont les concepts sont apparus avec le langage SIMULA [DMN68], connait a l heure actuelle un essor consid erable et trouve des applications dans de nombreux domaines. Elle se caract erise par une programmation qui regroupe (encapsule) les donn ees et les op erations sur celles ci en une seule entit e appel ee objet. Cette vision localis ee des informations ....

O.J. Dahl, B. Myrhaag, K. Nygaard, Simula 67 Common Base Language, Norwegian Computing Center, (1968)

.... Jacobson considered a use case to be a kind of class, which defined state variables, whose instances could record how far a particular thread of execution had reached [17, p128] Curiously, this account resembles exactly a class having a procedural body, a construct present in the languages Simula [7] and Beta [20] Defining a use case as a class was in keeping with Jacobson s meta theoretic goals to have a single framework for describing both systems and the Objectory method itself. He was keen to see Objectory as a use case driven approach , that is, a method that could reflexively be ....

O. J. Dahl, B. Myrhaug and K. Nygaard, SIMULA 67 Common Base Language, Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, 1968.

....simple compared to other systems supporting exploratory programming for statically checked object oriented languages. 1 Introduction Traditionally one can divide program development environments into two schools. One school is the statically checked 1 school, e.g. environments for Simula [5], BETA [19] C [33] and Eiffel [23] The work cycle is edit, compile, link, execute , as depicted in Fig. 1(a) and has a high turn around time because of the compilation (static analysis and checking) and linking phases, which are time consuming, especially the latter. The advantages of ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. Simula 67 common base language. Technical report, Norwegian Computing Center, 1968.

....question having to do with the behavior of the objects of the two types: the objects of the subtype ought to behave the same as those of the supertype as far as anyone or any program using supertype objects can tell. For example, in strongly typed object oriented languages such as Simula 67[DMN70] C [Str86] Modula 3[Nel91] and Trellis Owl[SCB 86] subtypes are used to broaden the assignment statement. An assignment x: T : E is legal provided the type of expression E is a subtype of the declared type T of variable x. Once the assignment has occurred, x will be used according to ....

Dahl, O.-J., Myrhaug, B., and Nygaard, K. SIMULA common base language. Technical Report 22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, 1970.

....67 is the object . An object is a self contained program (block instance) having its own local data and actions defined by a class declaration . The class declaration defines a program (data and action) pattern, and objects conforming to that pattern are said to belong to the same class [7]. Object oriented programming is built from the class model, introduced in the language Simula 67. In Simula, a class is a way to describe an abstract data structure. Active objects may be dynamically created from the class description by instantiating the variables specified by the class. Such ....

Dahl, O., Myhrhaug, B., Nygaard, K., Simula-67 Common Base Language, SIMULA information, S-22, Norvegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, October 1970.

....of T. Defining a new type T2 containing a T instance and an o routine field requires T to T2 conversions wherever the program uses an existing T value. Statically Typed Object Oriented Languages Statically typed object oriented languages make use of various forms of record subtyping. SIMULA [18, 52], C [19] Eiffel [34] and Modula 3 [10] are typical of these languages. Such languages generally refer to a record type as a class, a routine field as a message, and an implementation of a routine field as a method . Calling a routine field of a record is often called message passing . ....

O-J Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. Simula67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo Norway, October 1970.

....memory management and distributed systems. They are the key to obtaining self contained composite objects, truly opaque data abstractions and value types important concepts for the development of large scale, provably correct programs. 1 Introduction Data abstraction mechanisms were introduced [8, 12] long ago and are used by most modern languages. While these mechanisms have proved successful when value semantics and named objects were the norm, this is not quite true in the case of dynamic linked data structures composed of unnamed objects and when assignment and parameter passing have ....

....reference semantics (copies just the reference) This makes sharing of objects by other objects (static aliasing) possible. As an example, consider the type Rectangle: Rectangle = p1,p2:Point; rotate(Int) r1,r2:Rectangle; r2.p1 : r1.p2; r1.rotate(90) r2.rotate(45) r1 r2 As in Simula [8], we have used the : notation for reference assignment. After the assignment both rectangles share a common point object. Consider the operation rotate which updates the point objects that constitute a rectangle; there would be interference between the two rotate instructions, as the first ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. The SIMULA 67 common base language. Publication S-22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1970.

....MEANS OF UPDATING OBJECTS 851 VAR w : INT, INT, INT, INT VAR x : INT w 1, 2, 3, 4 x 5 x, w w, x w is opened, producing a tuple of four values; therefore, the right hand tuple is now the tuple [1, 2, 3, 4] 5. This tuple is then flattened, yielding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which is structured into 1, [2, 3, 4, 5] to match the tuple type of the left hand side. The tuple 2, 3, 4, 5 is then closed to create a tuple value. Finally, x is assigned 1 and w is assigned the tuple value using multiple assignment. A possible additional language extension is to use the structuring coercion for tuples to initialize a ....

....1, 2, 3 ] foo( w1, 3 ) foo( 1, w1 ) foo( w2 ) bar( 1, 2, 3 ] bar( w1, 3 ) bar( 1, w1 ) bar( w2 ) Note that a tuple can contain a Ccomma operator, provided that the expression containingthe comma operator is enclosed in parentheses. For instance, the following tuples are equivalent: [1, 3, 5] [1, 2, 3) 5] The second element of the second tuple is the expression (2, 3) which yields the result 3. Mass assignment Mass assignment has the following general form in K W C: lvalue , lvalue ] expr ; The left hand side is a tuple of lvalue s, which is a list of expressions ....

O-J Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard, Simula67 Common Base Language,Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo Norway, October 1970.

....This is by no means a , o survey of object oriented research; our focus is on those aspects of object orientation that make reuse inevitable, possible r difficult. 4.3.1. Object Orientation 101 The concept of object in programming was introduced by Dahl and Nygaard in their language SIMULA [41]. t SIMULA was designed as a language for simulating dynamic physical systems. Physical objects were modeled by strucures containing state variables and procedures used to manipulate them. Using today s jargon, we would say that objects s are compilation units that encapsulate data with the ....

Myhrhaug B. Dahl and K. Nygaard, "Simula Common Base Language," Technical report S-22, Norvegian Com4 puting Center, 1970.

....have progressed in this popular area of endeavour and unfortunately there is a high degree of repetition between many of them so some effort has been made to concentrate on the unusual or advanced features of each one. BETA [72] is a language that has been developed since 1976 and is a SIMULA [39] based language but generalises some of the concepts introduced by SIMULA. The idea behind BETA was as a small, compact but highly expressive language that could be used to develop large scale code, including distributed systems. The basic abstraction mechanism is the pattern which replaces ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myrhaug, and K. Nygard. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computer Centre, Oslo, 1968.

....of the k : k pairs. We use the term object rather than record since fields need not be variables. For example, one could have a field of type intvar comm that could be called as a proper procedure, but not assigned to. Roughly speaking, objects are more like class members in Simula 67 [11] than like records in Algol W [4] Clearly, the product constructor should be monotone: If n 0 and 1 0 1 and . and n 0 n then ( 1 : 1 ; n : n ) 1 : 0 1 ; n : 0 n ) In fact, a richer subtype relationship is desirable, in which objects can ....

Dahl, O.-J., Myhrhaug, B., and Nygaard, K. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Publication, no. S--2, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, May 1968.

.... popular thanks to the expected advantages in software development and maintenance productivity [Bro90, Cox90] Such advantages are presented as corollaries of the intensive use of the data encapsulation and reuse facilities made available by the object oriented development languages and systems [DMN67, GR83, Str86, Cox86, Mey88]. Object orientation seems also to pay off at the level of software specification and design [Boo86, SFSE89a, Nie89] Taking for granted this thesis, one should ask what kind of object oriented specification language should be adopted. Several have been proposed in the literature [SFSE89a, SE91, ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. Simula 67: Common base language. Research report, Norwegian Computer Centre, 1967.

....holds. There are two ways to find the earliest event and update the clock: 1. The earliest event is immediately retrieved from some data structure (e.g. a priority queue [7] and the clock jumps to the time of this event. This is embodied in simulation languages like GPSS [12] and SIMULA [9]. 2. In the simulation of digital circuits, it is often sufficient to consider event scheduling at time instants that are multiples of the clock interval, say c. Then, after the program processes an event, it increments the clock variable by c until it finds any outstanding events at the current ....

O-J Dahl, B. Myhrhaug,and K. Nygaard, SIMULA 67 Common Base Language, Pub. S22 Norwegian Computing Center, Forksningveien, 1B, Oslo 3.

....In this case, manufacturing systems are treated as collections of independent components that interact by exchanging information. In the past we have developed simulation packages based on parallel descriptions and embedded in programming languages, such as Sole ( Ro1] based on Simula67 ([Dah]) S84 ( Ro2] based on Modular Pascal ( Bro] and ProcessTool ( Wor] based on Smalltalk 80 ( Gol] An alternative viewpoint is the use of Petri Nets, as elaborated in [Sil] and [Dav] The view of manufacturing systems as collections of co operating independent components can be derived from ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug and K. Nygaard. Simula-67 Common Base Language. NCC Publication S-52, Norwegian Computing Centre, 1970.

....the notion of refinement, predicates are converted with respect to visible dependencies. Then, refinement, assignment, and substitution are those that we are used to. 10.5. 2 Inferring dependencies Languages like Modula 3, Ada, and Modula 2 provide a more flexible model of units than Simula [14], on which [38] is based. These languages allow the state of an implementation to be distributed across multiple units. Only when all of these units and the representation function of an abstract variable are visible can the dependencies of the abstract variable be inferred. Since a unit, in ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. The Simula 67 common base language. Technical Report S-22, Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, 1970.

....of object oriented database management system (ODBMS) vendors and interested parties working on standards to allow portability of customer software across ODBMS products. A.1 Introduction The object oriented view in computer science has become more and more popular the later years. Simula 67 [29] was an early object oriented language developed at The Norwegian Computing Center(NR) 1 in Oslo. Following the program languages that have complied to this paradigm are the database systems. Several vendors have developed object oriented database management systems. But a group of vendors saw ....

O. J. Dahl, B. Myrhaug, and Nygaard K. SIMULA-67 Common Base Language. NCC Publication S-52, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, 1970.

....Simula with class Simulation which provided an object oriented framework for discrete event simulation. The view of OO programming as a language extension technique was explicitly stated as one of the main points in Simula, where one can read the following in the preface of the language definition [DMN68]: A main characteristic of SIMULA is that it is easily structured towards specialized problem areas, and hence can be used as a basis for Special Application Languages. In the following, we will use the term library to cover ordinary procedural libraries, class libraries, and object oriented ....

O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 common base language. NCC Publ. S-2, Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, May 1968.

....in Section 6 is a copy approach. We will discuss the tradeoff between flexibility and efficiency in this approach and present some techniques to increase flexibility. 2 The Smalltalk Inheritance Scheme The Smalltalk inheritance scheme (also often called subclassing and pioneered in Simula 67 [Dahl et al. 70] was proposed in Smalltalk 76. This scheme has been followed by most OOP languages. In this scheme, knowledge is shared among classes. A class can be declared as a subclass of another class, called the superclass. The subclass will then inherit the structure and properties of its superclass. ....

Dahl, O-J., Myhrhaug, B., Nygaard, K., Simula-67 Common Base Language, SIMULA information, S-22 Norvegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, October 1970.

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, Norway, 1968.

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Dahl, O.J., Myhrhaug, B., Nygaard, K.: SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, Norway (1968)

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, Norway, 1968.

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Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjrn Myrhaug, and Kristen Nygaard. Simula common base language. Technical Report S-22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway, 1970.

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O.-J. Dahl et al. The Simula 67 common base language. Publication No. S-22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1970.

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. The SIMULA 67 common base language. Publication S-22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1970.

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1970. NCC Publication S-52.

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Dahl, O.-J., Nygaard, K., Myrhaug, B.: Simula 67 Common Base Language. Technical Report Publ. no. S-2, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1968.

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. Simula: Common base language. Technical report, Norwegian Computing Center, October 1970.

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 common base language. Technical Report S-2, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1968.

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O-J. Dahl, B Myrhaug, and K. Nygaard. "SIMULA Common Base Language". Norwegian Computing Centre S-22. Oslo, Norway. 1970.

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Dahl, O.-J., Myrhaug, B., and Nygaard, K. 1970. SIMULA common base language. Technical Report 22, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway.

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Dahl, O. J., Myhrhaug, B., Nygaard, K.: SIMULA 67 Common Base Language. Norwegian Computing Center, edition February 1984.

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O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard. SIMULA 67 common base language. Technical Report S-2, Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, 1968.

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