Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., and Sumner, T. (1993). Embedding critics in design environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 8(4).  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....creative parts of a design process from the routine jobs, and to provide a high level of automation regarding the latter (see [15, pg. 93] Expert critiquing, on the other hand, employs expert system technology to assist the human expert rather than to automate a design problem in its entirety [6, 4]. Simplification Behavior Level Level of function Demands Solution Abstracted demands D 1 2 3 4 Raw Design M Structure Model M S Figure 3: The paradigm of Functional Abstraction in design problem solving. The paradigm of Design by Functional Abstraction , illustrated in ....

Gerhard Fischer, Kumiyo Nakakoji, Jonathan Ostwald, and Gerry Stahl. Embedding Critics in Design Environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 8(4):285--307, December 1993.

....awareness and the intensity of the notification (section 2) This theory suggests that the process of reflection by a designer must be done while he still is in the context for the action, i.e. he still has the relevant knowledge about the action. This idea is used in critiquing systems as HYDRA[6] and ARGO UML[21] through active critics, which continually monitor user actions and make suggestions as soon as a problematic situation is detected. Therefore, the awareness tool must provide support for synchronous notifications. This is necessary because the user who receives the notification ....

G. Fischer, K. Nakakoji, J. Ostwald, G. Stahl, and T. Sumner. Embedding critics in design environments. The Knowledge Engineerign Review, 8(4):285--307, 1993.

....such as books and librarians, computerized information repository systems speed up the access and acquisition of information greatly. However, instead of taking full advantage of the innovative computer technology, these systems are only gift wrapping the traditional information retrieval model (Fischer, 1998). Most information repository systems are still designed as independent systems separated from users working environments. This separation roots in the traditional dichotomous division of learning and working. Learning, the acquisition of information that is supported by information repository ....

....This separation worked in the past when change was slow and people would be engaged through their working lives in things they had learned before. It does not work in today s emerging knowledge society, where change is inevitable, complete coverage is impossible and obsolescence is unavoidable (Fischer, 1998). Seen in this context, information acquisition Proceedings of INTERACT 01, July 9 13, 2001, Tokyo, Japan and information application become intimately intertwined rather than two different and distinct activities. Framing the information retrieval problem in this way suggests that information ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G. & Sumner, T. (1998), Embedding Critics in Design Environments, in M. T. Maybury & W. Wahlster (eds.), Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, Morgan Kaufmann, pp.537--559.

....actions, which is the condition part of the rule, to a task, which is the result part of the rule. When actions of a user match the condition, the system deems the user is performing the corresponding task and information about the task is delivered. Design critic systems often adopt this approach [6]. The similarity analysis approach examines the contextual information surrounding the current focus of users, and uses that information to predicate their information needs. Information from the repository that has high similarity to the contextual circumstance is then delivered. Systems like ....

Fischer, G., K. Nakakoji, J. Ostwald, G. Stahl, and T. Sumner, "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," in Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, M. T. Maybury and W. Wahlster, Eds.: Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 1998, pp. 537559.

....and an intelligent computer system is a fundamental issue in human computer collaboration. In the systems we have just discussed, a user is responsible for selecting highlevel plans, and the system is responsible for performing low level details and tracking and displaying progress. Critiquing [73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80] is another well known paradigm for collaboration that addresses the division of responsibility issue. Intuitively, a critic is a program that looks over the shoulder of users as they perform tasks in a computational environment and offers critiques (advice) from time to time. Critics compute ....

....AI plan recognition techniques. However, a very simple technique is to hard wire in one or more domain goals. As discussed above, a third approach (of intermediate complexity) is to represent domain goals and plans in the interface and allow users to specify them explicitly. Fischer and colleagues [75, 76] discuss how combining a goal specification component with a critiquing system improves the quality of system advice. 3 For another example, product analysis may be done analytically checking products with respect to predefined features and consequences or via differential analysis ....

Fischer, G, Nakakoji, K, Ostwald, J, Stahl, G, and Sumner, T `Embedding Critics in Design Environments' The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal Vol 4 No8 (1993) pp 285-307

....components. A major task in this effort is to ensure that the components are complete and consistent. Table 6 gives a brief description of these tools and their importance to SEPA tool suite. Copyright The University of Texas at Austin 54 Tool Brief Description Importance to SEPA HYDRAKITCHEN [Fischer, 1993] A critiquing system helps the designers to find solutions. It uses a knowledgebased critiquing mechanism that warns possible violation of composition constraints among components. Provides an example of defining interdependencies among domain components. Focus on alternative design ....

G. Fischer, Nakakoji, Kumiyo, Ostwald, Jonathan, Stahl, Gerry, Sumner, Tamara. (1993) "Embedding critics in design environments.," The Knowledge Engineering Review 8(4): 285-307.

....grant GZ 607.515 3 II 6 94. 1 Note that architectonic space is a technical term not specifically related to the discipline of architecture. 2. Theoretical Background A great deal of work in the research community has established a wide range of design models, including design critics (e.g. [9, 10, 13]) reflection in action [33] and design as argumentation [28,22] to name just a few. In our work we draw on the model of Design as Exploration introduced by Smithers and Troxell [34] In this exploration based model of design, knowledge about the nature and structure of the design domain has to ....

Fischer G., Nakakoji K., Ostwald J., Stahl G., Sumner T.: Embedding critics in design environments, in: The Knowledge Engineering Review, 8(4), 285-307, 1993.

....with the normal programming environments and practice. We have been developing a system called CodeBroker [26] which motivates and helps programmers to learn and reuse components. By observing programmers activities in a programming environment, CodeBroker infers the needs for components [11, 19] and proactively delivers components that match the inferred needs along with examples that show how the components can be reused to support the programmer in learning about the delivered components. INFORMATION USE IN HFAS This section discusses the necessities and benefits of information ....

....use contextualize the abstract concepts of documents and explain to users the expected effect in an intuitive way. They provide useful aids for users to learn how to use, adapt, and combine the new information in their current task by drawing an analogy between the current task and the examples [11]. To fully support the learning of new components, CodeBroker locates examples from the programs created and recommended by peer programmers. Evolving Information Repository The information needed to support learning on demand cannot be fully covered at the design time of systems. Because system ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., and Sumner, T. Embedding Critics in Design Environments, in Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, M.T. Maybury and W. Wahlster, eds. Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1998, 537-559.

....established by users when they start browsing or searching. Because software developers work with computers, reuse repository systems can explore the power of implicit communication channels [9] that can be established when reuse repository systems are integrated with development environments [12]. Such an integration makes the workspace of software developers accessible to reuse repository systems that can infer the needs for software components from partially written programs. Based on the inferred needs, reuse repository systems can deliver task relevant components without explicit ....

....three different layers of abstraction. The first layer is the RCI display in which 20 (the number can be customized) components are shown according to their task relevance, and each component is accompanied by its rank of relevance, relevance value, name, and synopsis. To reduce the intrusiveness [12], users are not required to interact with the system if they are not interested in the delivered components. If they are interested in certain components in the RCI display,they can trigger the presentation of the second layer of information with mouse movements. When the mouse cursor is moved ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., et al. Embedding Critics in Design Environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, 1993. 8(4): 285-307.

....user, and (3) creating a user model to represent each user s knowledge about the repository to assure that only unknown components are delivered. 3 Task Relevant Component Delivery General Approaches to Task Modeling. Tasks can be modeled through either plan recognition or similarity analysis [4, 6]. The plan recognition approach uses plans to specify the link from a series of primitive user actions to the goal of a task. When actions of a user match the action part of a plan, the system deems the user to be performing the corresponding task, and information about the task is delivered. The ....

....those programs to extract each component used, and if the component is contained in the indexed component repository, it is added to the initial user model with the program modification time as the use time. 5 Related Work CodeBroker builds upon our previous experience with critiquing systems [4] that model tasks by plan recognition to give feedback to users who have developed a suboptimal solution. CodeBroker tries to predict information needs and provide feedforward [16] for users so that they can avoid suboptimal solutions. Some information agents also aim to provide feedforward. For ....

G. Fischer, K. Nakakoji, J. Ostwald, G. Stahl, and T. Sumner. Embedding critics in design environments. In M. Maybury and W. Wahlster, (eds.), Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 537--559. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.

....the development activities and most software development activities are carried out with computeraided software engineering tools, it is possible for reuse repository systems to play a more active role in supporting reuse. 3. 1 Active Information Delivery In active information delivery systems [2, 15, 16], the relevant information is delivered at the right moment for a problem solver to consider. In contrast to the query based information access mechanism, active information delivery systems present information to developers without having been asked for it explicitly. Simon [35] has pointed out ....

....components ) which just throw a piece of decontextualized information at users, for example Microsoft Office s Tip of the Day, are of little use, because they ignore the working context. Our previous research on incorporating active information delivery into domain oriented design environments [16] identified that the delivered information must be relevant both to the user s task at hand, and the background knowledge of the user himself [12] 3.2 Relevance to the Task at Hand Delivering information relevant to the task at hand requires that one use the information in the development ....

Fischer, G., et al., Embedding Critics in Design Environments, in Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, M.T. Maybury and W. Wahlster, Editors. 1998, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher. p. 537-559.

No context found.

G. Fischer et al., "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, M.T. Maybury and W. Wahlster, eds., Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1998, pp. 537--561.

....to two specific and quite different domains: as it occurs in the context of high functionality applications, and as it provides an alternative view to the classroom view of learning. EXAMPLE 1 : SYMMETRY OF IGNORANCE AND HIGH FUNCTIONALITY APPLICATIONS High functionality applications (HFA) [Fischer, 2000], such as Unix, MS Office, Photoshop, Eudora, etc. are used to model parts of existing worlds and to create new worlds. They are complex systems because they serve the needs of large and diverse user populations. If we ask 100 different people what features they would like to have in a particular ....

....users (at design time; see Figure 8) while making it work as if it were designed for each individual user (who is known only at use time) The need to support a broad class of different users leads to high functionality applications with all their associated possibilities and problems. A Gerhard Fischer 10 KBS Special Issues C C99 feasible design strategy to support users in their own domain of knowledge is that system designers make assumptions about classes of users and sets of tasks in which they want to engagea design methodology leading to domain oriented systems [Fischer, 1994a] end user ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., & Sumner, T. (1998a) "Embedding Critics in Design Environments." In M. T. Maybury & W. Wahlster (Eds.), Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, Morgan Kaufmann Press, pp. 537-559.

....to the task at hand and to the assumed background knowledge of the users. Techniques to say the right thing include: 1) support for differential descriptions that relate new information to information and concepts assumed to be known by a specific user, and (2) embedded critiquing systems [Fischer et al. 1998] that make information more relevant to the task at hand by generating interactions in real time, on demand, and suited to individual users as needed. They are able to do so by exploiting a richer context provided by the domain orientation of the environment, by the analysis of partially ....

....design environments integrate a number of components relevant to user modeling: # They provide specification components [Nakakoji, 1993] that allow users to enrich the description of their tasks. Gerhard Fischer 11 UMUAI: 10 th Anniversary Issue . # They contain critiquing components [Fischer et al. 1998]that analyze and infer the task at hand in order to be able to detect and identify the potential for a design information need and then deliver task relevant information for domain designers. # They use the artifact (including its partial construction and partial specification) combined with ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., & Sumner, T. (1998) "Embedding Critics in Design Environments." In M. T. Maybury & W. Wahlster (Eds.), Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp. 537-561.

.... research, we have studied knowledge based critiquing systems, which can help designers become aware comfort, relaxing, round, bowl shape intention partially identified requirements properties images artifact articulates maps extracts applies 4 of implicit aspects of a visual image [9,15]. For instance, given a picture of plum flowers and rules about geometric shapes, a system could conceivably notify designers that the picture is related to shapes like circle, oval, or bowl. This paper presents two systems that support designers in the use of visual images for their design ....

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G, and Sumner, T. Embedding Critics in Design Environments, Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces, Maybury, M. and Wahlster, W. (eds.), Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco, CA., 537-561, 1998.

....knowledge relevant to a specific current design task or to an ongoing design discussion. These mechanisms can complement static structures through semantic text analysis [Dumais 1988] by exploiting domain specific terminology [Furnas 1987] and by exploiting the context of the current design task [Fischer 1993]. The following section describes a new tool under development that addresses the challenges exposed in the second phase of the project. The challenges are (1) to capture activated knowledge in the form of communication from users, and (2) to provide additional mechanisms to make stored ....

....developers Monday: Kurt asks Figure 2: Latent Semantic Indexing in GIMMe. This algorithm helps users to find information in group memory even when they do not know exactly what to ask for. In addition to the different retrieval mechanisms described, GIMMe also provides an information delivery [Fischer 1993] mechanism that responds to new entries. This mechanism compares new mail to the mail already in the group memory. If a stored mail item is rated as extremely similar to the new one (e.g. LSI rating 0.9) and if this mail is older than a specified time interval (e.g. 3 months) it is ....

G. Fischer, K. Nakakoji, J. Ostwald, G. Stahl and T. Sumner, "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1993, pp. 285-307.

....reflection in action. Because self reflection is difficult, a human coach, a design critic, or a teacher can help the learner to identify the breakdown situation and to provide task relevant information for reflection. In our own work, we have explored the possibility using computational critics [Fischer et al. 1993] to provide some of this support when humans are not present. Critics make argumentation serve design, that is, they support learners in their own activities. Engagement and support for self directed learning is critical when learning becomes an integral part of life driven by our desire and need ....

....of contextual factors (such as the background knowledge of a user, the specific goals and objectives of a user, the work context) known only at use time. The fundamental difference is that computational media have interpretive power they can analyze and critique the artifacts created by users [Fischer et al. 1993] and users acting as designers will create artifacts of all kinds. The challenge is to build new innovative systems that allow the users to articulate contextual factors (e.g. in using a specification component [Nakakoji, 1993] and or infer this information from the environment) which will serve ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., & Sumner, T. (1993) "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, 8(4), pp. 285-307.

....detecting and overcoming breakdowns requires much skill and domain specific knowledge. People newly hired into a workplace will lack this necessary knowledge. Even experienced designers may not notice every possible problem. Because of these difficulties, cooperative problem solving systems (Fischer, 1990) that assist designers in constructing and evaluating design solutions could be beneficial. These systems are cooperative because the system helps users design solutions themselves as opposed to having an expert system design solutions for them. Such systems support design activities by allowing ....

Fischer, G., K. Nakakoji, J. Ostwald, G. Stahl and T Sumner, 1993b. Embedding Critics in Design Environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review 8(4), 285-307.

....modeled and the modeling world. Domain oriented software is more usable than generic software because users directly interact with familiar entities and do not need to learn new computer specific concepts; 2 they increase in the back talk of the situation [Schn, 1983] by incorporating critics [Fischer et al. 1993] to represent the knowledge and insights of virtual stakeholders; 3 they make argumentation serve design by making design rationale relevant to the task at hand [Fischer et al. 1996] 4 they provide access to contextualized information by retrieving cases in a catalog that come closest to the ....

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., & Sumner, T. (1993) "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, 8(4), pp. 285-307.

....the functionality needed) and at the domain level (e.g. domain designers are lacking or overlooking some important domain knowledge) To exploit these opportunities, we have developed conceptual frameworks and innovative systems to support critiquing and learning on demand. Critiquing systems [Fischer et al. 1993] offer advice and information by supporting reflection in action [Schn, 1983] thereby allowing users to explore the contextualized argumentation and design rationale associated with their actions. Using design environments, designers create artifacts serving as externalizations of their thoughts ....

....of contextual factors (such as the background knowledge of a user, the specific goals and objectives of a user, the work context) only known at use time. The fundamental difference is that computational media have interpretive power: they can analyze and critique the artifacts created by users [Fischer et al. 1993] and users acting as designers will create artifacts off all kinds. The challenge is to build new innovative systems that allow the users to articulate contextual factors (e.g. in using a specification component [Nakakoji, 1993] and or infer this information from the environment) which will ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., & Sumner, T. (1993) "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, 8(4), pp. 285-307.

.... is to supply developers with a seed development substrate which already provides building blocks for basic components in a domain oriented system (e.g. construction kits and catalogs) In our research we have explored different architectures for such substrates (e.g. Agentsheets [26] HYDRA [13]) Further work is needed to turn these substrates into appropriate tools for domain construction. SUMMARY In this paper, we introduced an innovative software development model promoting domain construction and presented tools that support domain practitioners and software developers in this ....

Fischer, G., K. Nakakoji, J. Ostwald, G. Stahl and T. Sumner, "Embedding Critics in Design Environments," The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 8, pp. 285-307, 1993.

....specification) and constructing a concrete design representation (solution construction) are intertwined. 2 K. Nakakoji, T. Sumner and B. Harstad J.S. Gero and F. Sudweeks (eds. Artificial Intelligence in Design 94, 449 466. 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. In Fischer et al. 1993), we argue that expert system and design automation approaches are inadequate for solving ill defined design tasks. Our approach to supporting design with computers focuses on augmenting human design activities with domain oriented, knowledge based design environments. Design environments are ....

....the designer in the critic message pane. Neither approach by itself has been found sufficient (Harstad 1993, Nakakoji 1993) and future work needs to investigate a best of both worlds approach in which the system both synthesizes and makes explicit the sources of conflict. 6. Conclusions In Fischer et al. 1993), we discussed how embedding critiquing systems into domain oriented design environments increases the shared context; i.e. the system s level of understanding of the designer s task at hand. In this paper, we have presented perspective based critiquing systems that extend this approach by ....

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G. and Sumner, T.: 1993, Embedding Critics in Design Environments, The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 285-307.

....contextual factors (such as the background knowledge of a user, the specific goals and objectives of a user, the work context, etc. only known at use time. The fundamental difference is that computational media have interpretive power: they can analyze and critique the artifacts created by users [22]and users acting as designers will create artifacts off all kinds. The challenge is to build new innovative systems that allow the users to articulate contextual factors (e.g. in using a specification component [37] and or infer this information from the environment) which will serve as objects ....

....already exists. Within the context of DODEs, we have explored a number of specific effort to support a designer perspective. Critiquing. Using design environments, designers create artifacts serving as externalizations of their thoughts. These artifacts can be critiqued by computational critics [22], increasing the back talk of the design situation [50] Only designers, not consumers, can engage in learning by doing, which has emerged as one of the most effective learning strategy. Critiquing (even in the simple form of a spelling corrector) requires computational media, because the ....

Fischer, G.; Nakakoji, K.; Ostwald, J.; Stahl, G.; Sumner, T., Embedding Critics in Design Environments, In The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal 1993, 8, pp.

....focus on abstractions in their problem domain and not on programming language concepts. We call the class of software environments that support problem domain communication, domain oriented design environments, and we have studied the application of these environments in several domains (Lemke Fischer, 1990; Fischer, Henniger, Redmiles, 1991; Fischer, 1994) Each of these environments relies on a domain model. A domain model is generally recognized in software engineering as the end product of a domain analysis process that is either synthetic or evidentiary (Prieto Diaz, 1987) In synthetic ....

.... Domain Orientation During the past five years, we have developed and evaluated various prototype systems of domain oriented design environments to study issues of problem domain communication and the integration of problem framing and problem solving (Fischer, McCall, Morch, 1989; Lemke Fischer, 1990; Fischer, Henniger, Redmiles, 1991) Design environments support users in applying domain knowledge and provide them with various feedback mechanisms. The KID design environment supports kitchen designers in the development of floor plans (Nakakoji, 1993; Nakakoji Fischer, 1995) KID consists ....

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., & Sumner, T. (1993b). Embedding Critics in Design Environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review Journal, 8 (4), 285-307.

No context found.

Fischer, G., Nakakoji, K., Ostwald, J., Stahl, G., and Sumner, T. (1993). Embedding critics in design environments. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 8(4).

First 50 documents

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC