Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1996).  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....rkozmag memphis.edu http: www.psyc.memphis.edu f harterd, kozmarg Abstract The development of complex, adaptive behavior in biological organisms represents vast improvement over current methods of learning for arti cial autonomous systems. Dynamical and embodied models of cognition [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12] are beginning to provide new insights into how the chaotic, non linear dynamics of heterogeneous neural structures may self organize in order to develop e ective patterns of behavior. We are interested in creating models of ontogenetic development that capture some of the exibility and power ....

....improve performance. For example, in the simple task we present in the next section, humans develop higher level strategies for improving their performance. Many theories of the development of behavior in biological organisms are beginning to view it in terms of a self organizing dynamical system [12, 8, 7]. The organization of patterns of behavior is viewed, in some sense, as the formation and evolution of attractor landscapes. Some research [11, 4, 5, 6, 10] also indicates that chaotic dynamics may play an essential 2 part in the formation of perception and behavior in biological organisms. 2 ....

H. Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.

....http: www.psyc.memphis.edu iis iis.htm Biological organisms display an amazing ability during their ontogenetic development to adaptively develop solutions to the various problems of survival that their environments present to them. Dynamical and embodied models of cognition [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17] are beginning to o er new insights into how the numerous, heterogeneous elements of neural structures may self organize during the development of the organism in order to e ectively form adaptive categories and increasingly sophisticated skills, strategies and goals. The ontogenetic development ....

H. Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.

....improve performance. For example in the simple task we present in the next section, humans develop higher level strategies for improving their performance. Many theories of the development of behavior in biological organisms are beginning to view it in terms of a self organizing dynamical system [13, 9, 8]. The organization of patterns of behavior is viewed, in some sense, as the formation and evolution of attractor landscapes. Some research [12, 5, 4, 6, 7, 10] also indicates that chaotic dynamics may play an essential part in the formation of perception and behavior in biological organisms. 1.2 ....

....of their behavior is internally generated, and how much emerges from the interaction of simple response patterns within a complex task environment. It seems doubtful that true progress in understanding the properties of intelligent behavior can be made by studying disembodied, syntactic systems [16, 17, 1, 8, 18]. Intelligent behavior, at least in biological organisms, seems built upon a foundation of fast and robust pattern recognition and completion, both of static and temporally extended, often vague and noisy patterns. This observation is suggestive of several features that may be necessary in the ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.

....678 2482 Fax: 901) 678 2480 December 15, 2000 Abstract Biological organisms show an amazing ability during their ontogenetic development to adaptively develop solutions to the various problems of survival that their environments present to them. Dynamical and embodied models of cognition [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13] are beginning to o er new insights into how the numerous, heterogeneous elements of neural structures may self organize during the development of the organism in order to e ectively form adaptive categories and increasingly sophisticated skills, strategies and goals. The ontogenetic development ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.

.... intractable without major alteration (Nilsson, 1984; Chapman, 1987) These results led researchers both inside and outside of artificial intelligence towards a new paradigm of reactive intelligence (George# and Lansky, 1987; Agre and Chapman, 1990; Maes, 1991; Rosenschein and Kaelbling, 1995; Hendriks Jansen, 1996; van Gelder, 1998; Bryson, in press) A reactive system is designed from the beginning to be situated in a complex, dynamic environment, which it must constantly monitor and to which it must instantly react. A basic premise for many of these researchers is that a truly reactive system must have ....

....environment, which it must constantly monitor and to which it must instantly react. A basic premise for many of these researchers is that a truly reactive system must have all aspects of its intelligence constantly active and sampling the environment (Maes, 1991; Brooks, 1991; Tyrrell, 1993; HendriksJansen, 1996). This is associated with the behavior based approach to reactive intelligence, in which intelligence is composed of relatively simple modules: tightly coupled units of sensing and action. These behaviors are the perceptual system of the agent. If they are inactive, relevant information in the ....

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Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

.... intractable without major alteration (Nilsson, 1984; Chapman, 1987) These results led researchers both inside and outside of arti cial intelligence towards a new paradigm of reactive intelligence (George and Lansky, 1987; Agre and Chapman, 1990; Maes, 1991; Rosenschein and Kaelbling, 1995; Hendriks Jansen, 1996; van Gelder, 1998; Bryson, in press) A reactive system is designed from the beginning to be situated in a complex, dynamic environment, which it must constantly monitor and to which it must instantly react. A basic premise for many of these researchers is that a truly reactive system must have ....

....environment, which it must constantly monitor and to which it must instantly react. A basic premise for many of these researchers is that a truly reactive system must have all aspects of its intelligence constantly active and sampling the environment (Maes, 1991; Brooks, 1991; Tyrrell, 1993; HendriksJansen, 1996). This is associated with the behavior based approach to reactive intelligence, in which intelligence is composed of relatively simple modules: tightly coupled units of sensing and action. These behaviors are the perceptual system of the agent. If they are inactive, relevant information in the ....

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Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....structures internal to the intelligent agent underlie this expression. Recently these assumptions have been challenged by claims that behaviour controlled by such structures is necessarily rigid, brittle, and incapable of reacting quickly and opportunistically to changes in the environment (Hendriks Jansen 1996, Goldfield 1995, Brooks 1991a) This dissertation is intended to support the hypothesis that sequential and hierarchical structures are necessary to intelligent behaviour, and to refute the above claims of their impracticality. Three forms of supporting evidence are provided: a demonstration ....

....is actually composed of enormous numbers of small processes operating in parallel. Several researchers in this new paradigm have claimed that behaviour controlled by hierarchy is necessarily rigid, brittle, and incapable of reacting quickly and opportunistically to changes in the environment (Hendriks Jansen 1996, Goldfield 1995, Maes 1991) They suggest that the apparent hierarchical organisation of behaviour is not the result of internal structured control, but it is rather only an inadequate model imposed on a far more complex dynamic process. This dissertation presents a body of research examining ....

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Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996), Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....In particular, there has been considerable controversy over whether behavior is organized using privileged hierarchical and sequential structures, or whether its order emerges from a much more dynamic process. It has been argued (by e.g. Vereijken and Whiting, 1998; van Gelder, 1998; Hendriks Jansen, 1996; Goldfield, 1995; Maes, 1991b) that hierarchical strategies of action selection necessarily lead to rigid, brittle systems incapable of reacting quickly and opportunistically to changes in the environment. On the other hand, hierarchical and sequential control are wellestablished programming ....

....the system that determined to move to the kitchen the first place. A plan is considered sequential to the extent that its elements deterministically follow each other in a fixed order, for example the order in which a dog s feet are raised and advanced while it is moving with a particular gait. Hendriks Jansen (1996) traces the hierarchical theory of behavior organization in animals and man to the ethologist McDougall (1923) who presented a theory of the hierarchy of instincts. Ethological theory during this period, however, was dominated by Lorenz, who denied the existence of superimposed mechanisms ....

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Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....fundamental natural kinds of the universe and understand how they interact in order to produce the higher level phenomena that interest us. The behavioural and cognitive sciences are interested in explaining how it is that organisms regularly mediate between input and output. Hendriks Jansen [10] has recently claimed that artificial intelligence (AI) has failed to truly determine natural kinds that provide illuminating explanations. Instead AI has embarked upon an exercise in mimicking input output relations under the assumptions of a Universal Turing Machine that can implement ....

....in interestingly limited ways. From this interaction order can emerge. Theorists have begun to model just such development with some success [7] For example, Mataric s robot exhibits wall following equipped only with some sensors and basic pre set movements that are tripped by specific inputs [10]. It is the interaction of these simpler systems that leads to the emergence of wall following and such systems are arguably coherent natural kinds. 4. The Dynamical Hypothesis What is the nature of the DH that underlies neoconstructivism Van Gelder [22] has recently claimed that the DH is the ....

Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996) Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. London: MIT Press.

....individual, e.g. the gill pouches and the postanal tail of a 4 week old human embryo are characteristics of all vertebrate embryos. Thus, history comprises the evolutionary aspect (phylogeny) as well as the developmental aspect (ontogeny) and the individual s experiences during its lifetime (see [43]) Applying the historical view to social behavior means that an agent can only be understood when interpreted in its context, considering past, present and future situations. This is particularly important for life long learning human agents who are continuously learning about themselves and ....

....then reverse its direction of movement until it nally is moving right. As the author discusses in [25] the synchronization and coordination of movements between humans and their environment seems to play a crucial role in the development of children s social skills. Hendriks Jansen points out ([43], 44] too, that getting the interaction dynamics right between infant and caretaker seems to be a central step in the development of social skills. In [25] we discuss that in social understanding empathic resonance plays an important role, a kind of synchronization in a psychological rather than ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

.... mid 1980s been used extensively in the cognitive science and AI literature, in terms such as Situated Action (Suchman, 1987) Situated Cognition (e.g. Clancey, 1997) Situated AI (e.g. Husbands et al. 1993) Situated Robotics (e.g. Hallam and Malcolm, 1994) Situated Activity (e.g. Hendriks Jansen, 1996), and Situated Translation (Risku, 2000) Roughly speaking, the characterization of an agent as situated is usually intended to mean that its behavior and cognitive processes first and foremost are the outcome of a close coupling between agent and environment. Hence, situatedness is nowadays ....

....representation of a certain duckling being her offspring or 35 herself being a parent. Later, however, he concluded that each of the different parenting activities was in fact triggered by a different sign stimulus, and that the source of all these stimuli was the duckling out there (cf. also Hendriks Jansen, 1996). Hence, similar to the Animat s case and in von Uexkll s example of the tick (cf. Section 2) it is not some internal mirror of the external world, but the world itself (as perceived by the agent) that provides continuity and coherence to the agent s behavior. This is exactly what Brooks ....

Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act -- Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

.... interpretation of the brain as just one instance under all possible mind producing mechanisms) the project was to construct a machine with sufficiently rich internal organisation and rigidly defined interactive (input output) capacity that would be functionally equivalent to the brain (see Hendriks Jansen 1996 for a detailed discussion of the computational paradigm Karola Stotz, Bringing Life to Mind (August 99) 2 in cognitive science) A fully naturalistic approach to (human) cognition should combine different enterprises. In the first place, it rejects the Cartesian separation of the domain of ....

....development. This natural context contains the evolutionary history, the individual development, and the actual situation in which the mental process takes place, supported by deeply entrenched ( inherited ) and modern ( acquired ) mechanisms of scaffolding (Bruner 1982; 1990; Bickhard 1992; Hendriks Jansen 1996). 5. Beyond Functionalism and the Homuncular Fallacy There is nothing wrong with focusing on the concept of function. The possession of function and functional organisation is indeed a paradigmatic property of living beings. In the last decade new approaches in physics became increasingly aware ....

Hendriks-Jansen, H. 1996. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

....behaviour of social insects [DGF 91] walking machines imitating stick insects [CBC 94] fly like robot vision systems [FPB91] and many more. Recently, in studies on robotic social behaviour (in interactions with other robots and or humans) theories from developmental psychology ( HJ96] came into focus. This paper discusses that a particular theory developed by Vygotsky which emphasises the importance of teaching and social interactions in the development of children s cognitive skills, can offer a framework to investigate the development of robots in society . This framework ....

....which studies how socially interesting phenomena can arise from simple interaction dynamics. Here, temporal synchronisation of two agents, a robot and a human, can be exploited for teaching purposes, so that the robot s actions are influenced by way the human is responding to its actions. In [HJ96] Horst Hendriks Jansen recognised the link between recent context oriented findings in developmental psychology on the one hand and behaviouroriented autonomous agent research on the other hand. Hendriks Jansen argues that we can learn from robotic experiments about the importance of ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

.... models of biological phenomena and life as it could be (Langton, 1989) Moreover autonomous agents are increasingly being studied as a bottom up approach by researchers in cognitive science, in particular those interested in Situated and or Embodied Cognition (e.g. Varela et al. 1991; Hendriks Jansen, 1996; Clark, 11 1997; Pfeifer Scheier, 1998) who emphasize the situated nature of activity and the bodily sensorimotor basis of cognition and intelligent behavior. Finally, the above approaches are also referred to as New AI (e.g. Dorffner, 1997a) or Nouvelle AI (e.g. Brooks, 1991; Boden, ....

Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act - Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

....agent can only be understood with reference to its history. The history comprises the evolutionary aspect (phylogeny) as well as the developmental aspect (ontogeny) These ideas on historical embeddedness of humans and other animals are in line with Hendriks Jansen s work which gives in [HJ96] a strong argument for the importance of situated activity, interactive emergence and the history of use . Thus, social behavior can only be understood when interpreted in its context, considering past, present and future situations. This is particularly important for life long learning human ....

....that beliefs, desires and intentions have to be modelled explicitly. Social understanding could rather be grounded in experiential processes of internal dynamics, which self organize from physical presence, situated in a social situation. To conclude: The social world is its own best model. In [HJ96] Horst Hendriks Jansen gives an excellent example of how social interaction, namely turn taking between a mother and her baby, emerges without any mechanism which is explicitly controlling turn taking: a mother responds to her baby s pauses in sucking with jiggling in order to encourage the ....

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Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

.... advocated that intelligence emerges from robot s interaction with the world and from sometimes indirect interactions between its components [8] A recent book by Hendriks Jansen provides perspectives for embodiment and situatedness from psychology, ethology, philosophy and artificial intelligence [28]. In fact, embodiment, situatedness, sensing, and action have been common practices in robotics and vision communities for many years [85] 80] The emphasis on these important points is not only useful for symbolic AI, but also for other fields related to machine intelligence. 1.3.3 The ....

H. Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: Situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution and human thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.

....world. Experiences provided by technological means have to be grounded in the real world 3 . 2. Humans are active agents, they want to use their body and explore the environment. Developmental psychology points towards the crucial role of an infant s dynamic inter action with the environment ([20]) The ontogenetical development of human cognition and intelligence is grounded in this coupling. 3. Humans are individuals, and they want to be treated as such. The viewpoints and personalities of humans always differ, no matter whether they have the same genotype or not 4 . 4. Humans are ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

....accordingly. In fact the drop in performance is due to the system thrashing spending so much time swapping between users, that there is no time left for useful processing. This regular, environmentally contingent, behaviour is a result of what Hendriks Jansen calls interactive emergence [30] between the mechanism and its environment, and is not caused by any discrete functional entity in the former. These two ways of producing behavioural regularities correspond to Marr s distinction between Type I and Type II mechanisms [37] A rule following, Type I, system has at least two levels ....

....constraints at all on my componential analysis. 15, p29] Brooks [7] 8] has demonstrated how each of these whole agent capacities may be achieved by a layer in a control architecture, connected to the sensors and motors of the system and working semi independently of each other. Also see [36] [30] [47] Contrast this to the normal modular decomposition [23] in which only the sensory and motor modules are connected to the outside world, with all other modules communicating between themselves using representations. However, given a behavioural decomposition and a corresponding layered ....

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H. Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution and human thought. MIT Press, 1996.

....and its phenotype best interpreted by taking into account its historical context, its evolutionary context, phylogeny, and individual developmental context, ontogeny. Each creature has its own history. The role of ontogeny and historical embeddedness of humans and other animals is discussed in [ Hendriks Jansen, 1996 ] where Horst Hendriks Jansen uses the notion of a history of use : The function of a trait or organ depends on the role it has played in the course of its evolutionary history, ensuring its survival. It has itself survived because of its contribution to the survival of the organism of which it ....

....uses the notion of a history of use : The function of a trait or organ depends on the role it has played in the course of its evolutionary history, ensuring its survival. It has itself survived because of its contribution to the survival of the organism of which it forms a part [ Hendriks Jansen, 1996, p. 52 ] Biological systems exist under circumstances of irreversibility that make them fundamentally different from inanimate matter (distinguishing them for instance as subject to development, damage and death) Individual historical memory and story telling are capacities useful in coping ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

.... movements, but also to sound and other sensory modalities) Matching the own dynamics (internal experiences or external movements) to the dynamics of the environment seems to be an important aspect in human development (see also Horst Hendriks Jansen s discussion of interactive emergence in [ Hendriks Jansen, 1996 ] Swinging, rocking, and dancing are cross cultural universals. In [ Dautenhahn, 1997a ] I discuss empirical evidence for a natural, unfolding capability of coordinated, synchronised movements in child development as a means to build up relationships to the social environment. Coordinated ....

....could rather be grounded in experiential processes of internal dynamics, which self organise from physical presence, situated in a social situation: The social world is its own best model. To give two examples, one from the area of developmental psychology, the other from cognitive robotics: In [ Hendriks Jansen, 1996 ] Horst Hendriks Jansen gives an excellent example of how social interaction, namely turn taking between a mother and her baby, emerges without any mechanism which is explicitly controlling turn taking: a mother responds to her baby s pauses in sucking with jiggling in order to encourage the ....

H. Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

....becomes sometimes visible in the ontogeny of an individual, e.g. the gill pouches and the postanal tail of a 4 week old human embryo are characteristics of all vertebrate embryos. Thus, history comprises the evolutionary aspect (phylogeny) as well as the developmental aspect (ontogeny) see [HJ96] Applying the historical view to social behaviour means that can only be understood when interpreted in its context, considering past, present and future situations. This is particularly important for life long learning human agents who are continuously learning about themselves and their ....

Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.

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Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1996).

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Horst Hendriks-Jansen. Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution and Human Thought. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.

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Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, A Bradford Book.

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Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, A Bradford Book.

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