C. C. Marshall and F. M. Shipman, "Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change," Commun. ACM, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 88--97, 1995.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... literature by the many different proposals of hypermedia authoring models [Garzotto et al. 91] Rossi et al. 95] methodologies [Balasubramanian et al. 94] model oriented environments [Tiiring et al. 95] Nanard and Nanard 95] Jordan et al. 89] Andrews et al. 1995a] Marshall et al. 91] Marshall et al. 95] Marmann et al. 92] Duval and Olivi 95] Carlin and Garrett 91] and general purpose environments [Davis et al. 92] Meyrowitz 86] Bernstein et al. 91] Goldberg et al. 96] Thimbleby 96] Andrews et al. 95b] The process of hypermedia authoring leads to various products, for example, ....

Marshall, Catherine C., and Shipman Ili, Frank M.: "Spatial Hypertext: designing for Change"; Communications of the ACM, Special Issue on Hypermedia Design, August (1995).

....pioneers considered the use and presentation of associative structures, many researchers have considered applying hypermedia principles to different domains. Some of these different domains include hypermedia literature (e.g. 6] argumentation support (e.g. 8] information analysis (e.g. [14]) hypermedia art (e.g. 21] and taxonomic work (e.g. 19] Work in all of these domains addresses how people use structure for various tasks, whether those tasks be writing or reading literature, participating in or reviewing a decision process, etc. Each domain represents a different kind ....

....demonstrated at the 1998 ACM Hypertext Conference. The spatial hypermedia project involves researchers from Texas A M University, Aarhus University and Aalborg University Esbjerg. The focus is to develop a spatial middleware service that combines the achievements of the VIKI spatial project [14] with the middleware services idea. The workflow project involves researchers from GMDIPSI (Darmstadt) Aalborg University Esbjerg and Aarhus University. This project is concerned with porting existing hypermedia workflow engines developed at GMD IPSI (in the CONCERT division) to run as ....

Marshall, C. C., and Shipman, F. M. 1995. Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Communications of the ACM, 38, 8, (Aug), 88-97.

....been one of user isolation. An author creates a web page and many users view that web page in relative isolation from the author. A more recent variation on this traditional model is spatial hypertext. Spatial hypertext is ideal in situations where the line between authors and users is blurred [12]. Here documents may not have well defined nodes and links and may only represent the current state of the authors understanding of a collection of information. In most existing spatial hypertext systems a primary goal is to foster emergent structure in document creation, avoiding the restrictions ....

Marshall, C., Shipman, F. Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Commun. ACM 38, 8, (Aug 1995), pp. 88-97.

.... by creating physical piles of paper, rather than immediately categorising it into specific folders [ Mander, Salomon and Wong 1992] Even when we find it difficult to classify items, or to express how or why they are interconnected, we are often able to meaningfully arrange them in space [Marshall and Shipman 1995]. Thus, computer tools should not force users to classify information in order to store it for later use. Making sense out of information is a process; annotation, manipulation of information items, and experimenting with spatial arrangements are important activities in this process. Although it ....

Marshall, C.C. & Shipman, F.M. (1995). Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Communications of the ACM, 38 (8), 186 - 191.

.... include employing hypermedia data models (Campbell and Goodman 1988; Halasz and Schwartz 1994) hypermedia toolkits (Anderson 1996) link services (Pearl 1989; Davis et al. 1992; Anderson 1997) hyperbases (Leggett and Schnase 1994) hypermedia development environments (Nanard and Nanard 1995a; Marshall and Shipman 1995; Akscyn et al. 1988) open hypermedia systems (Whitehead 1997; Wiil 1997; Grnbk Trigg 1999) and independently executing hypermedia engines, such as DHE. Hypermedia engines execute independently of an application with minimal modifications to it, and provide the applications users with ....

Marshall, Catherine and Shipman III, Frank, (1995). Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change, Communications of the ACM 38(8), 88-97.

....like content visualization, data mining, and knowledge discovery, that are focusing on the adoption of map metaphors. In the process, the relevance of longestablished cartographic principles is being discovered. Good examples are research into the usability of Jaques Bertin s visual variables [2,14,31,33] or the acknowledgement of scale as one of the most important factors in successful information visualization [6] A number of software packages are now available that specifically tout the virtues of map like visualizations of non geographic information. Products like SPIRE (Spatial Paradigm for ....

Marshall, C.C., and Shipman, F. M. Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Communications of the ACM 38(8): 88-97, 1995.

....between nodes are expressed by their visual characteristics such as proximity, colour or shape. This results in visual collections, or Spaces,suchas lists and sets. Spatial hypertext systems are therefore ideal for an evolving organisation of data. Examples of such systems include VIKI [20] and CAOS [26] Taxonomic Hypertext is the organisation of information artifacts into Categories [24] Where authors disagree about the categorisation, the Taxonomy can branch into different Perspectives [29] Applications can allow users to navigate the information space by moving between ....

MARSHALL,C.C.,AND SHIPMAN, F. M. Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. Communications of the ACM 38 (1995), 88--97.

....providing an appropriate presentational metaphor for navigation through a hypertextual information space. Previous work on hypertext navigation has suggested the use of graphical or spatial overviews to help users to situate themselves within the hypertext (Conklin Begeman 1988, Nielsen 1990, Marshall Shipman 1995). Associated work on distortion oriented visualisation and fisheye views allow users focus on specific information while maintaining an awareness of the surrounding information context. Reviews of distortion oriented and fisheye techniques are provided in Leung and Apperley (1994) and in Scha#er ....

Marshall, C. & Shipman, F. (1995), `Spatial hypertext: Designing for change', Communications of the ACM 38(3), 88--97.

....directly hint at a relationship. Another approach to handling hypertextual information spatially is realized in the VIKI system. VIKI detects structures in the arrangement of objects manipulated by the user. VIKI has been used to organize WWW hotlists but it is not available on the WWW [MaSC94] [MaSh95]. 2.3. Give the user what she needs Web pages essentially are user interfaces for information access. The designer of these interfaces (the authors) have to anticipate navigational needs to provide useful information pathways. In this respect Web pages are similar to real life spaces, where the ....

Marshall C.C., Shipman III F.M.: "Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change", Comm. of the ACM, Special Issue on Hypertext, to appear in August 1995

.... Leggett 1996] have opened the link service (middleware) layer to include structure servers that serve structural abstractions other than the nodes and links of traditional associative hypermedia systems. Examples of such other kinds of structure are spatial hypermedia structures (e.g. VIKI [Marshall Shipman 1995]) taxonomic hypermedia (e.g. Parunak 1991] or issue based hypermedia ( Conklin Begeman 1987] A more detailed review of CB OHS work can be found in [Nrnberg et al. 1998] 3.2.1. Good roads Since the late 1980 s, most hypermedia systems that have been developed have been open. Hypermedia ....

.... orthogonal to storage services [sterbye Wiil 1996] Contemporary CB OHS s now serve open sets of structural abstractions instead of a fixed set of abstractions, For example, some systems provide support for manipulation of structure in many problem domains, including information analysis [Marshall Shipman 1995], argumentation support [Conklin Begeman 1987] and taxonomic work [Parunak 1991] Each of these problem areas can be seen as call for specialized and tailored structural abstractions above and beyond the node link model. The WWW could provide such different kinds of structures most effectively ....

Marshall, C. C., & Shipman, F. M. 1995. Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. CACM 38 (8) (Aug), 88-97.

....the structure of the space. While SQWID has a different focus, it uses some similar representations. A few of the systems from which SQWID draws ideas are briefly described below. VIKI is a spatial hypertext system designed by Catherine Marshall and Frank Shipman at Texas A M University [Marshall95]. VIKI uses spatial orientation instead of physical objects to express relationships between documents. In a spatial hypertext system, rather than use the typical box and line display to show relationships, the lines are removed and the relationships are shown with visual cues such as proximity, ....

Marshall, C.C. and Shipman, F.M. Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change, Communications of the ACM, 38, 8, 1995, pp. 88-97.

.... management systems (e.g. 1,19] argumentation support systems (e.g. 9,26] software development environments (e.g. 2,58] large engineering enterprises (e.g. 15,23] collaborative authoring systems (e.g. 45,46] taxonomic systems (e.g. 32,33] information analysis systems (e.g. [24,43]) the World Wide Web [5] and digital library systems (e.g. 12,39] The diverse and complex requirements of these application domains have resulted in extensive research into advanced hypermedia infrastructure that can provide the necessary hypermedia services. This position paper argues that ....

Marshall, C. & Shipman, F. 1995. Spatial hypertext: designing for change. Communications of the ACM 38(8), 88-97.

....of people who earn their living dealing with abstract concepts, so called knowledge workers . It has been claimed that these paradigmatically cognitive workers often use physical space to create holding patterns for loosely structured collections of ideas (e.g. Mander et al. 1992; Kidd, 1994; Marshall and Shipman, 1995; Waterworth, 1996a) This echoes the early mnemonic techniques of orators (Yates, 1984) but without the memorisation element. In this case, the holding pattern preserves a perceptual arrangement that has been observed but not memorised, perhaps because of the work involved or because this ....

Marshall, C C and Shipman, F M (1995) - 'Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change'.

....into several domains, each domain dealing with a particular type of hypermedia. The original OHP protocol was therefore renamed OHP Navigational (OHPNav) and reduced in scope to deal exclusively with navigational (node link) hypermedia. Other domains were envisaged such as Spatial Hypermedia [12] (OHP Space) and Taxonomic Hypermedia [22] OHP Tax) The protocol itself had been originally based on the Microcosm message format [8] a sequence of tag value pairs. However this proved di#cult to parse so the OHSWG adopted XML as a suitable format [3] and the OHP Nav message set and hypermedia ....

Marshall, C. C., and Shipman, F. M. Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. Communications of the ACM 38 (1995), 88--97.

.... (e.g. 5] Another alternative is to restrict the structure to guided tours [33] or paths [35] 13] used in isolation or combined with other techniques such as information retrieval [15] The authoring of less formally structured spatial hypertexts has also been investigated and supported [23]. In this case, the aim is to support complex authoring such as information analysis where traditional node link bases structures are not necessary and may be even disrupting. Extensive research in this area include its application in the generation of information workspaces in general [22] 31] ....

Marshall, C.C; Shipman, F.M. (1995) Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Communications of the ACM 38:8, pg 88-97.

.... many limitations [1] One of the main problems was that the original protocol dealt only with a quite specific model of point to point navigational hypertext, and had no way of dealing with co operation, distribution, or other models of hypertext such as taxonomic hypertext [19] spatial hypertext [10] or features such as transclusions in Xanadu [14] As a result the community moved on from a straightforward client server approach to a component based approach [29] In this architecture, component based middleware is implemented for each hypertext domain and is responsible for mapping the ....

....or interpreting diverse sets of information and the need to support such activities. Thus, as opposed to navigational hypertext, what matters is the ability to create and move nodes freely. The key characteristic is to leave structure implicit and informal (at least as presented to the user) [10]. Relationships between nodes are simply expressed by their visual characteristics such as spatial proximity, color or shape. This results in some interesting properties. If for instance a node is slightly misaligned with other nodes then this might express an uncertainty about whether this node ....

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MARSHALL, C. C., AND SHIPMAN, F. M. Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. Communications of the ACM 38 (1995), 88--97.

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Marshall, Catherine C. and Shipman, Frank M. III. (1995). Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Communications of the ACM, 38(8), 88-97.

....was kept so teachers had to reacquaint themselves with the various Web sites on the current topic each time they started the tool. To support a longer term, more gradual path authoring process we have been investigating the use of the VIKI spatial hypertext system as a path authoring environment [5, 6]. VIKI provides a hierarchy of two dimensional workspaces where a teacher can collect materials from the Web by issuing queries, and organize and collect the materials through color coding and spatially arranging Web documents. The path authoring process with VIKI follows a process of searching ....

C.C. Marshall and F.M. Shipman. Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. Communications of the ACM, 38(8), August 1995.

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C. C. Marshall and F. M. Shipman, "Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change," Commun. ACM, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 88--97, 1995.

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C.C. Marshall, F.M. Shipman, Spatial hypertext: designing for change, Communications of the ACM 38 (8), 1995, pp. 88--97.

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C. C. Marshall and F. M. Shipman, III. Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. Communications of the ACM, 38(8):88--97, 1995.

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Marshall, C.C. and Shipman, F.M. Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. Communications of the ACM, 38, 8, 1995, pp. 88-97 <http://irss.njit.edu:5080/cgi-bin/bin/option.csh?marship /marshall.html>

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MARSHALL, C.C. AND SHIPMAN III, F.M. 1995. Spatial hypertext: designing for change.

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MARSHALL, C.C. AND SHIPMAN III, F.M. 1995. Spatial hypertext: designing for change.

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Marshall, C. C., & Shipman, F. M. (1995). Spatial hypertext: Designing for change. Communications of the ACM, 38(8), 88-97.

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