| D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: an experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report 02-0013, Computer Science Department, UCLA, July 2002. |
....In this approach, either theoretical or empirical models are used to translate the signal degradation to the distance estimation. Such RF systems [8] 44] run into problems as multi path fading, background interference, and irregular signal propagation characteristics, shown in empirical study [33], make range estimates inaccurate. Work to mitigate such error such as robust range estimation in [34] Two phase refinement positioning [85] 87] and parameter calibration in [100] have been proposed that take advantage of averaging, smoothing, and alternate hybrid techniques to reduce error to ....
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin and S. Wicker , "Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks", In Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, 2002.
....techniques, either theoretical or empirical models are used to translate signal strength into distance estimates. For RF systems [1] 14] problems occur as multi path fading, background interference, and irregular signal propagation characteristics (shown in an empirical study of this technology [10]) make range estimates inaccurate. Work to mitigate such errors such as robust range estimation ( 11] two phase refinement positioning ( 28] 30] and parameter calibration ( 33] have been proposed to take advantage of averaging, smoothing, and alternate hybrid techniques to reduce error to ....
....have assumed a circular, or otherwise well defined, mathematical or empirical model for radio propagation characteristics that describes the relationship between the signal strength degradation and the distance a radio signal travels. According to an empirical study by D. Ganesan at UCLA [10], this assumption does not hold well in practice. In our work, we make a much weaker assumption about radio propagation characteristics. We assume that in a certain propagation direction, defined to be within a narrow angle from the sending anchor (Figure 3) the received signal strength ....
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin and S. Wicker, Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks, Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013,2002
....ten sensor events will have an effective single hop delay of 20ms while the last sensor event will have an effective single hop delay of 200ms in case of perfect network allocation. However, typical Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) MAC protocols use backoff schemes to avoid handle collisions [3, 6], which result in even higher single hop delays. If sensor events have to be sent along multiple hops in a network, the end to end delay increases with the number of hops. In a busy network tracking many objects, the multi hop end to end delay can be estimated by multiplying the single hop delay ....
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, February 2002.
....Despite partitions, however, mobile nodes can transport information across partitions by physically moving between them [5] However, the resulting paths of information flow might have unbounded delays and are potentially unidirectional. Communication failures are also a typical problem of WSN [4]. Another issue is heterogeneity. WSN may consist of a large number of rather different nodes in terms of sensors, computing power, and memory. The large number raises scalability issues on the one hand, but provides a high level of redundancy on the other hand. Also, nodes have to operate ....
....and components for WSN [12] which might later serve as a foundation for middleware. Moreover, most of the current results are based on simulations or small scale experiments in laboratory settings. The suitability for large scale networks still has to be proven. First concrete experiments [4] show that even very simple protocols and algorithms can exhibit surprising complexity at scale. After all, there is still a long way to go for successful WSN middleware, both in terms of design concepts and system implementations. ....
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, February 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. In Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, February 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA CSD-TR 02-0013, Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles and Intel Research Lab, University of California, Berkeley, February 2002.
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Ganesan, D., Krishnamachari, B., Woo, A., Culler, D., Estrin, D., Wicker, S.: Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. In: UCLA Computer Science Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013. (2003)
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker, "Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks," Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, February 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, Department of Computer Science, 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, Department of Computer Science, 2002.
....of the bar shows the longest distance to well connected node. In order to trust radio ranges, we would want these two distances to have close to the same value. However, for only a few nodes (nodes 15, 16, 26, 32, and 38) is this actually the case. Such variance in radio range is also observed in [14]. Because radio ranges cannot be accurately estimated by distance, GAF is difficult to configure a conservative setting of R results in grids too small to provide energy conservation. We evaluated GAF in a network of 15 PC 104s equipped with Radiometrix packet radios, running directed diffusion ....
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of lowpower wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA Computer Science, Jul., 2002.
....of Successful Reception (1 p) 1x26 Line 2x13 Grid 5x5 Grid Fig. 2. Distribution of link quality experience different levels of channel interference. Depending on those conditions, empirical studies show that heavy packet loss and link asymmetry can be quite common in wireless networks [13] [18]. Our measurements on a testbed consisting of motes (detailed description in Section VI) qualitatively confirm the same findings but in different environment. In our experiments, packet loss for each link is measured every minute for two hours in different topology settings. A link is defined as ....
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker, "Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of lowpower wireless sensor networks," in Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013,Computer Science Department, UCLA, July 2002.
....(for evidence of time varying behavior, see measurements by Zhao [ZGE02, Zha02] In addition to time varying components, many characteristics of the environment will be a function of fixed elements, such as trees or hills on a terrain. Although time varying effects can be analyzed statistically [GKW02], errors and distortions resulting from fixed elements must be compensated by detecting and adapting to these conditions. An approach aimed at characterizing the environment has the potential to improve sensing fidelity as well as energy efficiency. For example, in the multi modal localization ....
Deepak Ganesan, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Alec Woo, David Culler, Deborah Estrin, and Stephen Wicker. "Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks." Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Computer Science, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2002.
....unit. The cost of transmission and reception of one unit of data along a link of length 1, costs 1 unit of energy. The chosen cost metric is communication bandwidth, and each clusterhead is constrained transmit at most D0 data. While realistic topologies are far from as regular as the one proposed [15], and the cost model can be more complicated, the simple case captures essential tradeoffs in construction of multi resolution hierarchies. Communication Overhead: The overhead for centralized decomposition can be computed from the total number of edges traversed on the grid (n( # n 1) for a # ....
....Result for Sum Query 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1. 8 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Query Error Percentage of Nodes Range Sum Query: CDF of Error Level: 1 Level: 2 Level: 3 Level: 4 Figure 4: Query Error for Range Sum Query (detailed descriptions can be obtained from [15]) Each node has throughput data from all other transmitters, for twenty different settings of transmit signal strength from each node. Two forms of correlations can be exploited to reduce size of data: a) correlation in throughput between adjacent transmitters to a particular receiver, and (b) ....
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: an experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report 02-0013, Computer Science Department, UCLA, July 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wickera. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Under submission. Available at: http://lecs.cs.ucla.edu/ deepak/PAPERS/empirical.pdf, July 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA Computer Science, 2002.
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D. Ganesan et al. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. UCLA Tech. Report CSD-TR 02-0013, Feb. 2002.
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D. Ganesan et al. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. UCLA Tech. Report CSD-TR 02-0013, Feb. 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, , and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of lowpower wireless sensor networks. UCLA Computer Science, (UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013), July 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, February 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA Computer Science, 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. In Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013,Computer Science Department, UCLA, July 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA CS Department, 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA CS Department, 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, 2002. 119
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks, 2002.
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D. Ganesan et al. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, Feb. 2002.
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D. Ganesan et al. Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report CSD-TR 02-0013, UCLA, Feb. 2002.
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D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wickera. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Under submission. Available at: http://lecs.cs.ucla.edu/ deepak/PAPERS/empirical.pdf, July 2002.
No context found.
D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin, and S. Wickera. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. Under submission. Available at: http://lecs.cs.ucla.edu/ deepak/PAPERS/empirical.pdf, July 2002.
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Deepak Ganesan, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Alec Woo, David Culler, Deborah Estrin, and Stephen Wicker. Complex behavior at scale: An experimental study of low-power wireless sensor networks. INFOCOM 2003, July 2003. submitted for review to.
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