| Intel Corporation. Pentium(R) Pro Processor Developer's Manual. McGraw-Hill, June 1997. |
.... This identification is difficult on modern processors with imprecise interrupts (delivered several cycles after the instruction causing the interrupt has completed) and is impossible on processors whose imprecise interrupt delay is not fixed, such as the Alpha 21264 [31] and Pentium Pro [45]. A solution to this problem is presented in the ProfileMe project [25] Periodically, ProfileMe chooses an instruction to profile. The CPU, with hardware support specially added to the Alpha 21264a chip [22] will gather detailed statistics on the instruction s execution through each stage of the ....
Intel Corporation. Pentium(R) Pro Processor Developer's Manual. McGraw-Hill, June 1997.
....their causes, and that this sort of information is extremely helpful in diagnosing and fixing performance problems but that work is limited to in order processors, and its techniques do not extend to out of order processors. Most modern microprocessors, including the Alpha 21164 [8] Pentium Pro [11] and R10000 [14] provide performance counters that count a variety of events (e.g. branch mispredicts or data cache misses) and deliver an interrupt when the counters overflow. Event counters provide useful aggregate information, such as the total number of branch mispredicts during a program ....
Intel Corporation. Pentium(R) Pro Processor Developer's Manual. McGraw-Hill, June 1997.
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