McDermott, J., Preliminary steps towards a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In: Marcus, S. (ed), Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1988, pp. 225-255.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... rule based systems and custom programs, Problem Solving Methods (PSMs) were introduced as a knowledge engineering paradigm to encode domain independent, systematic and reusable sequences of inference steps involved in the process of solving certain kinds of application tasks with domain knowledge [8, 5, 20]. One of the first such strategy to have been identified, as a result of analyzing several rule based systems such as Mycin, was heuristic classification [9] the process of identifying the class of an unknown domain situation. This strategy involves three main inference steps: first, abstracting ....

.... generic tasks [5] ubiquitously performed with knowledge, such as hypothesis assessment and data abstraction, and (3) comparing di#erent role limiting methods, such as propose and revise and cover and differentiate, in the goal of characterizing a taxonomy of methods to guide system modeling [20]. PSMs were proposed as standard reasoning procedures for addressing generic tasks in a domain independent way [8, 31, 28, 3, 11] Over the years, the knowledge engineering community identified and developed PSMs of general usefulness [6, 3] or for specific high level tasks such as classification ....

J. McDermott. Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods. In S. Marcus, editor, Automatic Knowledge for Acquisition for Expert Systems, pages 225--54. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

....that the decomposition of a task into subtasks is a function of the method applied. For example, using as a problem solving method decomposes the overall task of design into the subtasks storage, retrieval, and adaptation of design. In general, a number of methods may be used to tackle a task [ McDermott, 1988 ] Whichmethodischosen and applied to the task hinges on criteria likeavailability of knowledge, computational costs, and reliability of the solution. A method which is applied at one level of a task structure may also be applied at another level of the same task structure. 1.2 Degrees of ....

J. McDermott. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problemsolving methods. In S. Marcus, editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, pages 225 -- 256. Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1988.

....used for searching purposes. There are several knowledge modelling techniques in the literature such as the generic task, proposed by Chandrasekaran [8]also present with some variants in the KADS model [14] and in the model of components of expertise [13]and the role limiting method of McDermott [11]. According to these techniques, there are two organizational principles: the task oriented principle and the domainoriented principle. Our approach belongs mostly to the latter. Like AQUINAS [4] DESIRE [6] and Common Kads [10] we handle multiexpertise, but our shared model is domain oriented. ....

McDermott, J., "Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem solving", in Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems (S. Marcus, editor), Boston, Kluwer Academic, 1988.

....of the abstractions. The past decade has witnessed considerable advances in semiautomated methods for knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation, based on approaches that operate at the knowledge level [23] and that assume taskspecific but domain independent problem solving methods [3, 5, 11, 20, 21, 43] which often succeed in alleviation of the knowledge acquisition bottleneck. However, these methods often are not associated with runtime, interactive end user applications, and focus on use by knowledge engineers and domain experts. Thus, visualization of time oriented abstractions of clinical ....

McDermott, J. (1988). Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In Marcus, S. (ed), Automating Knowledge-Acquisition for Expert Systems. Boston: Kluwer.

....knowledge acquisition. 1. Introduction In the 1980s, several researchers began to develop task specific architectures where specific problem solving methods , such as propose and revise and cover and differentiate, are used to solve classes of problems, such as configuration and diagnosis [7] [23] . The first generation model based knowledge acquisition (KA) tools, such as SALT for the propose and revise method [22] PROTG for the episodic skeletal plan refinement (ESPR) method [24] and ROGET for heuristic classification [4] use knowledge roles defined by these problem solving methods ....

J. McDermott, Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods , in: S. Marcus, eds., Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems (Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1988) 225--256.

....and can provide algorithms for automating complete tasks. These components are domain ontologies that provide a characterization of the concepts and relationships in an application area [14] and problem solving methods that offer abstract algorithms for achieving solutions to stereotypical tasks [15, 16]. By turning to these large scale reusable components, many workers in AI believe that they have mitigated much of the software crisis that plagues the construction of intelligent systems. This chapter examines the use of these abstractions to build knowledge based systems, and speculates how ....

.... referred to these stereotypical problem solving behaviors as generic tasks [29] Meanwhile, John McDermott s group at Carnegie Mellon University was noting a set of problem solving methods that provided the control structure for a number of other knowledge based systems built in non medical areas [15]. All these investigators demonstrated that many intelligent systems had highly regular mechanisms for sequencing certain classes of inferences. These domain independent problem solving strategies provided standard ways of addressing certain kinds of application tasks. Even though the original ....

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J. McDermott, Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods. In: S. Marcus (ed), Automatic Knowledge for Acquisition for Expert Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1988, pp. 225--54.

....of primitives are all unclear and need further research. We come back to this issue again in the last section of the paper (Section 5.1) The role of the structure of tasks in guiding the construction of knowledge systems began to be investigated by many other researchers. McDermott and Marcus [48, 49] wanted to know what role different types of knowledge played in different types of methods. They identified very general methods such as Propose and Refine for configuration problems, and identified the role knowledge played in the achievement of such methods. In France, David and Krivine [26] ....

....use of methods including multiple methods for a task. Second, the componential framework makes no commitment to a technique for describing methods, whereas we have selected the problem space paradigm because of its generality and flexibility. 4 . 4 Role limiting Methods 2 Role limiting methods [49] identify particular paths through the task structure. A rolelimiting method is described to the lowest level, i.e. all tasks, methods and subtasks are specified until the lowest subtasks can be directly implemented. The specification also includes the order in which the subtasks are ....

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McDermott, J.: Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, (ed. Marcus, S.), 225-256, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988

....knowledge level, it can be described at the symbol level in terms of representations, data structures and processes. The knowledge level paradigms are: heuristic classification [Clancey 1985] distinction between deep and shallow knowledge [Keravnoe and Washbrook 1989] the problem solving method [McDermott 1988] and generic tasks [Chandrasekaran 1986] Heuristic classification focuses on the inference structure that underlies expertise, while the deep shallow knowledge distinction focuses on the theoretical structure and contents of domain knowledge. The problem solving method focuses neither on ....

.... Feature abstraction, heuristic match, solution refinement Clancey 1985 Deep and shallow knowledge Deep knowledge, causal relations, shallow knowledge Keravnoe and Washbrook 1989 Problem solving method Problem decomposition, domain independent strategies, sequencing inferences McDermott 1988 Generic tasks Problem type, problem decomposition, task, ordering of tasks Chandrasekaran 1986 Epistemological model Ontology, inference model, medical tasks Ramoni et al. 1990 Development philosophy Need, development methodology, methods, metrics, tools, integral evaluation, professional ....

McDermott J, Preliminary step toward a taxonomy of problemsolving methods. In: Marcus S (ed.), Automatic knowledge acquisition for expert systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston USA, 1988, 225-254.

....because they were found to be common to various applications. Chandrasekaran [4] who termed such modules generic tasks (GTs) showed that a complete inference procedure for an application can be functionally configured as a hierarchy of GTs that were specialized for the application. McDermott [18] relatedly found that some hierarchies of GTs form taskspecific inference procedures he termed problem solving methods (PSMs) He showed how these PSMs can be specialized into complete working KBS applications because they clearly identify the specific parts of K that they need during problem ....

McDermott, J., "Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods," in Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, Marcus S. (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 225-256, 1988.

.... in knowledge engineering cope with the problem of constructing a library of reusable problem solving methods (PSMs) Chandrasekaran, 1983; Clancey, 1985; Steels, 1990; Musen et al. 1994; Breuker and Van de Velde, 1994) Here, we consider problemsolving methods in the sense defined by McDermott (McDermott, 1988), in which a PSM is a strong method with a constrained control structure. These methods are called role limiting methods because their force is in defining precisely the roles played by the knowledge in the solution of the problem. One advantage of identifying the knowledge roles is to provide ....

McDermott, J. (1988). Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In Marcus, S., editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, chapter 8, pages 225--256. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

....a knowledge engineer can build a new system adapting pre existent domain and control knowledge bases [13] In this paper, we address the problem of control knowledge reusability. A starting point to cope with the problem of reusable control knowledge is to identify problem solving methods (PSMs) [2, 3, 11]. A PSM defines the set of actions and also the structure of the domain knowledge to solve a problem. For instance, Cover Differentiate [5] is a PSM that defines the actions to solve a diagnostic problem using a causal network that associate symptoms to disorders. Several KBSs have been ....

J. McDermott. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In S. Marcus, editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, chapter 8, pages 225--256. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

....need grounding in how to recognize when particular approaches are motivated by specific domain and task characteristics. To some extent this has been recognized in attempts to associate problem solving methods, such as heuristic classification, with tasks, such as diagnosis (Clancey [1] McDermott [6]) However, successful engineering requires a more fine grained analysis of domain and task characteristics. This is nowhere more true than for diagnostic systems. Since the MYCIN experiments (Shortliffe [8] many different heuristic, model based, and hybrid approaches have been reported. For ....

McDermott, J., "Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods," in Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, Marcus, S., ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988), pp. 225-256.

....domain independent problem solving methods, each of which is designed to solve a particular class of tasks. These algorithmic methods are called generic task problem solvers [Bylander and Chandrasekaran, 1987; Chandrasekaran, 1986] and the parameters are called roles of the problem solving method [McDermott, 1988]. For well 3 understood classes of tasks and problem solving methods, the system designer can build a method specific shell and associated knowledge acquisition tool that can elicit statements in these terms, using user interface techniques such as prompted interviewing. Since the operational ....

McDermott, J. (1988). Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In S. Marcus (Ed.), Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic.

....reference the formal description of C D made in (ML) 2 . We concentrate on Loom primitives to model the the domain view and we analyze the perspectives of generic primitives to represent it. 1 Introduction In this paper, we address the problem of reusing problem solving methods (PSMs) A PSM [11] is defined as a set of actions and also the structure of the domain knowledge to solve a problem. The two basic assumptions of our work are that the PSMs are specified in accordance with the knowledge level [12] and that the domain knowledge is separated from control knowledge [3] A PSM is also ....

J. McDermott. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In S. Marcus, editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, chapter 8, pages 225--256. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

....specifications of domain and control knowledge [15] In this paper, we address the problem of domain and control knowledge reusability using knowledge level specifications. A starting point to cope with the problem of reusable control knowledge is to identify problem solving methods (PSMs) [3, 4, 14]. A PSM is defined as a set of actions and also the structure of the domain knowledge to solve a problem. A PSM is also called a role limiting method because the control knowledge determines the roles played by the domain knowledge in solving the problem. Defining for what and when the domain 2 ....

J. McDermott. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In S. Marcus, editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, chapter 8, pages 225--256. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

....of those rules. Role Limiting Approaches The next generation of knowledge acquistion tools represents what is called a role limiting approach. It was based on the observation that the kind of problem solving method that a system uses determines the kind of domain information the system needs [McDermott 1988]. Put another way, the role that a particular kind of knowledge plays in problem solving strongly constrains how that knowledge should be expressed what is required for the system to function. A research goal during this stage was to try to understand a number of general methods used by ....

McDermott, J, "Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem solving methods," in Automating Knowledge-acquisition for expert systems S.Marcus (ed), Kluwer Academic Publishing. 1988

....systems that are mostly considered final before being put into routine use. These approaches are based on Newell s (1982) Knowledge Level which advocates the modeling of knowledge at a level above its symbolic representation and includes modeling of problem solving methods (Chandrasekaran 1986, McDermott 1988, Puerta et al. 1992, Schreiber, Weilinga and Breuker 1993 and Steels 1993) and ontologies (Guha and Lenat 1990, Patil et al. 1992 and Pirlein and Studer 1994) The need for complex modeling as a prerequisite to knowledge acquisition (KA) has resulted in the development of verification (Cragun and ....

McDermott, J. (1988) Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems Marcus, S (ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp: 225-256.

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McDermott, J., Preliminary steps towards a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In: Marcus, S. (ed), Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1988, pp. 225-255.

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McDermott J.: "Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem Solving Methods". In "Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems", S.Marcus ed., Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1988.

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McDermott, J.: Preliminary Steps towards a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In S. Marcus (ed.). Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems. 1988; 225-256

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McDermott J. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In Marcus S. (ed), Automating Knowledge-Acquisition for Expert Systems. Boston, Kluwer, 1988.

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McDermott J. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In Marcus S. (ed), Automatic knowledge for acquisition for expert systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988; p. 225-54.

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McDermott J. Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem-solving methods. In: Marcus S (ed), Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems. Kluwer: Boston, MA, USA,1988.

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McDermott J., 1988, "Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods," in Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, Marcus S. (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 225-256.

No context found.

McDermott, J, Preliminary steps toward a taxonomy of problem solving methods. In Automating Knowledge-acquisition for expert systems S.Marcus (ed), Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1988.

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