| ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C.: Point set surfaces. In Proc. IEEE Visualization (2001), pp. 21--28. |
....force f of a vertex is a vector between the subdivided bounding box b and the given points . For each vertex v i of the bounding box, we simply find the nearest point x j , calculate an attracting force vector f v i , and apply it back to the vertex v i with a projection speed parameter [0, 1]. Finding a nearest point is a well known problem, and we used the kd tree searching algorithm in our implementation [3, 6] f v i = x j b = v i f v i ) For a subdivided bounding box, it is possible that two or more vertices of the box are attracted by the same input point. In such a ....
....the Igea model (see Sec. 4) It has to be considered, though, that even the fitting of smooth surfaces may result in discontinuous sampling since the fitted surfaces might not be connected smoothly. We expect that this can be overcome by employing a method that guarantees global continuity as in [1]. In practice, the finding ray triangle intersections usually results in good visual appearance and fast sampling. Flipping or self intersection after displacement sampling might be found on the region where the domain surface and the points are too far from each other, and this happens when the ....
M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T.Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001.
....based on k nearest neighbors. This is somewhat similar to what is done in [8, 9, 13] For each border edge, the algorithm uses an angle criteria to select a point to make a triangle with the edge. The initial triangulation is refined using a new method based on moving least square operators [1 3]. Our algorithm does not need Delaunay triangulations and it can handle surfaces with borders. Section 2 describes in detail the four steps of our method: clustering, reduction, triangulation, and refinement. These steps are illustrated above. Section 4 discusses several examples of the method in ....
....of points into a finite set of clusters, such that the curvature of the original surface varies Figure 1: Point clouds a little within each cluster. Since is not known, its curvature must be estimated from the sample points Q. We use a hierarchical clustering method based on a BSP tree [1]. Each node in this tree contains a subset p 1 , p n of the original point Q. We use the covariance matrix C of to decide whether or not to subdivide the node: C = # # # # . # # # T # # # . # # # , p = i=1 p i . Note that ....
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, C. Silva. Point set surfaces. IEEE Visualization 2001, pp. 21--28.
....Most of the computation during rendering a mesh is devoted to rasterizing polygons. Consequently, efforts have focused on replacing them with easier primitives such as points that can be rendered as pixels. This has led to intense research on point cloud representation of models in recent years [1, 23, 25, 24, 30]. The notion of points as rendering primitive dates back as early as 1974 This research is partially supported by NSF under grants CCR 9988216 and DMS 0138456 (subcontract: Stanford University) with the work of Catmull [3] In 1985 Levoy and Whitted proposed points exclusively as the primitive ....
M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. Proc. Visualization
.... a set of points that can be rendered multiple times and then solve the visibility problem either by rendering the points using scaled discs or ellipsoids [Rusin00, Zwick01b] by employing a screen space method to fill holes [Gross98] or by resampling the point set to match output resolution [Alexa01]. Our approach is to scale the points, and we use the OpenGL point primitive for rendering. The first contribution of this work is that we propose a technique for scaling points according to the distance between the point and the image plane. Doing this manually by calling the glPointSize ....
M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C.T. Silva. Point set surfaces. Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization Conference, pages 21--28, 2001.
....The splats are oriented along the view plane and rendered in a back to front order as textured quads. This is a rather ad hoc solution to reconstruction, but it allows the use of polygon rendering hardware, and thus it is very fast. Transparency and antialiasing are not considered. Alexa et al. [3] construct a polynomial approximation to the surface given a possibly noisy point set. They also provide methods for adding and removing points on the surface. Rendering is done with a hierarchy of spheres as in QSplat. Instead of splatting each point, they generate as many points on the surface ....
....One of the reasons why point representations are attractive is the easy acquisition of real life models. 3D scanners readily output point samples, possibly with surface color [37] The surface should then be denoised, and the surface normal and the local variance matrix estimated from the samples [3]. As 3D scanners become more commonplace and point rendering methods become more advanced, a need arises to use points in modeling as well. This requires methods for upsampling and downsampling, bandlimiting, deforming and otherwise manipulating point based objects. With proper signal processing ....
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, Shachar Fleishman, David Levin, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001.
.... Reducing the representation to the essentials, i.e. the geometric position of the sample points, is particularly useful when dealing with large data sets generated by modem acquisition devices [15] To display such models, numerous pointbased rendering systems have been developed, e.g. [20, 21, 25, 1]. Apart from acquisition and rendering, a variety of geometry processing applications have been introduced recently [18, 19, 26] that demonstrate the versatility of points as a geometric modeling primitive. In this paper, we present a new method for detecting and extracting line type features on ....
Alexa, M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D., Silva, T. Point Set Surfaces, IEEE Visualization 01, 2001
.... 2001 brought the EWA surface splatting [67] dynamic (on the fly) object sampling during rendering [58, 55] hybrid polygon point rendering systems [12, 15] differential points [29] spectral processing of point sampled surfaces [40] multiresolution point based modeling [33] and the MLSsurfaces [2]. EWA surface splatting of Zwicker et al. 67] combines the ideas of Levoy and Whitted [32] with Heckbert s resampling framework [27] to produce a high quality splatting technique that features anisotropic texture filtering, edge antialiasing and order independent transparency. Zwicker et al. ....
....the result of the filtering operation. Linsen [33] proposed a multiresolution modeling framework for point sampled surfaces. He developed up and down sampling operators, surface smoothing and multiresolution decomposition. He also applied CSG operations to point sampled surfaces. Alexa et al. [2] proposed a point based surface definition that builds on fitting a local polynomial approximation to the point set using moving least squares (MLS) The result of the MLS fitting is a smooth, 2 manifold surface for any point set. They used the MLS surfaces to up and down sample the point set and ....
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, Shachar Fleishman, David Levin, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization, pages 21--28, 2001. 3, 4, 5, 8, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25
....objects are viewed very closely and if points are projected to more than one pixel, it results in blocky images. A solution to overcome this problem is the interpolation between adjacent points which sometimes results in artifacts [21] A further solution for the problem of close views is given by [1, 27, 31], who use locally adapted sample densities for the rendering of complex geometry. Chen and Nguyen [3] use triangles and points for the rendering of large mesh models with the ability of close views. In contrast, our approach generally uses polygons for rendering. Points or splats can additionally ....
M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proc. IEEE Visualization 2001.
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C.: Point set surfaces. In Proc. IEEE Visualization (2001), pp. 21--28.
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ALEXA, M., BEHR, J., COHEN-OR, D., FLEISHMAN, S., LEVIN, D., AND SILVA, C. T. 2001. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, 21--28.
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001 (2001), pp. 21--28. 1, 9
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01 (2001), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 21--28. 2
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01 (2001), pp. 21--28. 2, 6
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In Proc. Vis. (2001).
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization, pages 21--28, San Diego, CA, October 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. IEEE Visualization 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, pages 21--28, October 2001. ISBN 0-7803-7200-x.
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Alexa, M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D., Silva, T. Point Set Surfaces, 1EEE Visualization 01, pp. 21-28, 2001
....To verify that the process works, we scanned the calibration image several times from different angles and distances, and applied the tool to these new scans. We obtained very similar correction tables for all cases. To remove noise, we apply the moving least squares (MLS) projection of Levin [2, 18], with a weight function q (d) e d 2 h 2 . We set h = 4a, where a is the scanner s accuracy (0.5 in. Figure 4f shows a smoothed version of the bias calibration image, and Figure 5 shows the application of the noise removal procedure to a scanned desktop. Figure 5: Removing noise. a) ....
....and so on. We adjust the splat size according to the level of detail using glPointSize( The system can also automatically pick the level of detail based on the user s speed. For high quality rendering, which requires shading, we find the normal vectors at each point p using MLS projection [2], and choose the normal n that satisfies p n 0. Because the origin of a scan is at the position 0 of the scanner, and since every scanned point faces the scanner, p 0 is an estimate of the normal at p. The MLS projection operator is local, i.e. to project a point, we only need to apply the ....
M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. IEEE Visualization 2001.
..... Primary and secondary rays intersect the same surface. The resulting image of the shape is view independent, which is a prerequisite for the generation of animated sequences. Renderings of CSG defined shapes are possible. As a surface definition based on points we use point set surfaces [1, 2], which are an implementation on Levin s MLS based approximation procedure [17] This surface definition has several advantages in the context of ray tracing: The computation is local, which allows to evaluate the surface only in the vicinity of the ray surface intersection. It is ....
M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., LEVIN D., FLEISHMAN S., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization (2001).
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, D. Levin, S. Fleishman, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001.
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, David Levin, Shachar Fleishman, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, pages 21--28. IEEE, October 2001.
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ALEXA, M., BEHR, J., COHEN-OR, D., FLEISHMAN, S., LEVIN, D., AND SILVA, T. 2001. Point set surfaces. In Proc. 12th IEEE Visual., 21--28.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, D. Levin, S. Fleishman, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001.
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., LEVIN D., FLEISHMAN S., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization (2001).
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, David Levin, Shachar Fleishman, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, pages 21--28, October 2001.
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. IEEE Visualization (October 2001), 21--28.
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, Shachar Fleishman, David Levin, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. IEEE Visualization, pages 21--28, 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. Silva. Point Set Surfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization, pages 21--28. San Diego, CA, October 2001. 2
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ALEXA, M., BEHR, J., COHEN-OR, D., FLEISHMAN, S., LEVIN, D., AND SILVA, C. T. 2001. Point set surfaces. IEEE Visualization 2001 (October), 21--28.
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, David Levin, Shachar Fleishman, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of Visualization 2001.
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M. Alexa et al., "Point Set Surfaces," Proc. IEEE Visualization, IEEE CS Press, 2001, pp. 21-28.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point Set Surfaces. In Proceedings of Visualization 2002.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, C. T. Silva, Point set surfaces, in: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01, IEEE Computer Society, 2001, pp. 21--28.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point Set Surfaces. In Proceedings of Visualization 2002.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, C. T. Silva, Point set surfaces, in: Proc. Vis., 2001.
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ALEXA M., BEHR J., COHEN-OR D., FLEISHMAN S., LEVIN D., SILVA C. T.: Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of Visualization '01 (2001). 3
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, C. Silva, and D. Levin. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, pages 21--28, October 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, C. Silva, and D. Levin, "Point set surfaces," in IEEE Visualization
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. Silva. Point Set Surfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization, pages 21--28. San Diego, CA, October 2001. 2
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. "Point set surfaces." In IEEE Visualization 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. "Point set surfaces." In IEEE Visualization 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proc. IEEE Visualization 2001.
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, David Levin, Shachar Fleishman, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, pages 21--28, October 2001.
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Alexa,M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D., Silva, T., " Point Set Surfaces", Proc. IEEE Visualization 01.
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Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, David Levin, Shachar Fleishman, and Claudio T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In IEEE Visualization 2001, pages 21--28. IEEE, October 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, and C. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proc. IEEE Visualization 2001.
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M. Alexa, J. Behr, D. Cohen-Or, S. Fleishman, D. Levin, and C. T. Silva. Point set surfaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization Conference, pages 21 28, 2001. http://www. igd.fhg.de/alexaJ paper/index.html. 3, 7
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