F. Modugno, T. R. G. Green, and B. A. Myers. Visual programming in a visual domain: A case study of cognitive dimensions. In G. Cockton, S. W. Draper, and G. R. S. Weir, editors, People and Computers IX, Proc. of HCI'94, Glasgow, pages 91--108. Cambridge University Press, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... on a control takes the user to the event handler subroutine for that control) to low (e.g. early versions of the MS DOS editor edit, which did not allow separate views of the same document) The cognitive dimensions framework has been designed to be easily mastered [18] Modugno et al. [37] have verified that little experience is needed to correctly apply the technique. As a result, the technique has now been in use for several years by members of the HCI community, and as such has been used and commented on by several others (e.g. Blackwell [3] Modugno et al. [37] Yazdani [67] ....

....Modugno et al. [37] have verified that little experience is needed to correctly apply the technique. As a result, the technique has now been in use for several years by members of the HCI community, and as such has been used and commented on by several others (e.g. Blackwell [3] Modugno et al. [37], Yazdani [67] and has even been suggested as a teaching aid [66] A useful tutorial illustrating how this analysis technique can be applied can be found in [17] In order to provide a feel for cognitive dimensions analysis, a very simple example is outlined below. The information device being ....

F. Modugno, T. R. G. Green, and B. A. Myers. Visual programming in a visual domain: A case study of cognitive dimensions. In G. Cockton, S. W. Draper, and G. R. S. Weir, editors, People and Computers IX, Proc. of HCI'94, Glasgow, pages 91--108. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

.... of tasks can be performed (Stenning Oberlander, 1995) This is true especially in software system development, where the effect of the choice of language on successful system development has long been recognised (Green, 1989, 1991; Johnson, McCarthy Wright, 1995; McCluskey et al. 1995; Modugno, Green Myers, 1994; Roast, 1997) However, the relationship between languages, representations and the quality of the system development process is not fully understood. Little is currently known about what languages are likely to be most suitable for use in which contexts. The choice of languages for particular ....

.... cognitive dimensions (Green, 1989, 1991) was developed for the analytical evaluation of information structures and has been used successfully in a number of cases, both by Kutar, Britton and Wilson v PPIG 2000, Cozenza Italy www.ppig.org Green himself (Green, 1991; Green, Petre Bellamy, 1991; Modugno, Green, Myers, 1994; Green Blackwell, 1996) and by other authors (Shum, 1991; Petre, 1995; Roast, 1997; Yang et al. 1997) We have, ourselves, found cognitive dimensions to be useful and effective in evaluating two different mechanisms for structuring specifications written in Z (Britton, Jones Lam, 1998) ....

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Modugno, F., Green T. & Myers B. (1994). Visual programming in a visual domain: A case study of cognitive dimensions. In People and Computers IX, Proceedings of HCI'94. Cambridge University Press.

....visibility of schema constructs in Prolog programs, as suggested above, to see what happens when role expressiveness is improved. FURTHER READING The cognitive dimensions approach was first proposed by Green (1989) It was applied to visual programming languages by Green and Petre (1996) Modugno et al. (1994) and Yang et al. 1998) describe how various programming environments were redesigned following analysis. Currently the most complete account of its applicability outside programming is a tutorial by Green and Blackwell (1998) available as a web downloadable document. 15 ....

Modugno, F. M., Green, T. R. G. and Myers, B. (1994) Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions. In G. Cockton, S. W. Draper and G. R. S. Weir (Eds.) People and Computers IX.

....What is important is to bear in mind that because these trade off relationships do exist, a notable success along one dimension may be reduced by poor performance on another. The cognitive dimensions framework is by no means a finished entity. Meanwhile, its take up by other researchers such as Modugno, Green and Myers (1994), Buckingham Shum and Hammond (1994) and Yang, Burnett, DeKoven and Zloof (1995) shows the wide applicability of the approach. 6. New Directions This final section presents several directions for further research into diagrammatic representations. They arise from our current understanding of the ....

Modugno, F., Green, T.R.G., Myers, B.A. (1994) Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions. In: People and Computers IX. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 91-108.

....make broad comparisons of cognitive aspects of different VPLs. For example, Green and Petre used CDs to contrast cognitive aspects of the commercial VPLs Prograph [9] and LabVIEW [10] see Appendix A for an excerpt) Modugno used CDs to evaluate Pursuit, a research programming by demonstration VPL [11] and Yazdani and Ford used CDs to evaluate PrologSpace, a general purpose visual programming 564 SHERRY YANG et al. system [12] Hendry also used CDs to evaluate cognitive aspects of a modification to spreadsheet formula languages [13] CDs are one of the two design time evaluation approaches ....

F. Modugno, T. Green B. Myers (1994) Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions. In: People and Computers IX (G. Cockton, S. Draper & G. Weir, eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

....in a suitable way to avoid biases, misunderstanding and other possible troubles in its processing. In particular, from Cognitive Ergonomics [8, 14] we are aware of the crucial role representation plays in human inference. Even in RE, some works have already been completed about what notation [6, 7, 11, 10, 13, 3] may be more suitable to help the untrained eye to better understand notes and specifications. According to Definition 9 and the five strategies we pointed at in the last section, we deliver the abstract structure through which the engineer can approach the UVT as an active stakeholder, without ....

Modugno, F., Green, T.R.G. and Myers, B.A., "Visual programming in a Visual Domain: A Case Study of Cognitive Dimensions". In: People and Computers IX, (HCI 94), Cambridge University Press, Glasgow, 1994.

....aspects of different VPLs. For example, Green and Petre used CDs to contrast cognitive aspects of the commercial VPLs Prograph [Cox et al. 1989] and LabVIEW [Kodosky et al. 1991] see Appendix A for an excerpt) Modugno also used CDs to evaluate Pursuit, a research programming by demonstration VPL [Modugno et al. 1994], and Hendry used CDs to evaluate cognitive aspects of a modification to spreadsheet formula languages [Hendry 1995] CDs are one of the two design time evaluation approaches that have been applied to VPLs [BellM 1994] The other is the programming walkthrough [BellB et al. 1991; BellB et al. ....

F. Modugno, T. Green, and B. Myers, "Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions", in People and Computers IX, (G. Cockton, S. Draper, and G. Weir, eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1994.

....they come to mind. Nevertheless, many kinds of lookahead problems can arise. We shall identify a number of forms that we have observed. An interesting example occurred in Modugno s Pursuit environment for visual programming by demonstration; it would be too difficult to explain here, but see [48]) Commitment to layout: Obviously, the visual programmer has to make the first mark somewhere on the virtual page. As the program takes shape it may become clear that the first mark was unfortunately placed, or that subsequent marks were ill placed with respect to it and each other. Although there ....

....artifact. Meanwhile, the ultimate test of such an approach is its practical use, so we hope that the framework will be put to work by designers, by end users, and by other researchers, and that deficiencies or insights will be reported. We are pleased to note some successes already. Modugno et al. [48] used the approach to evaluate and improve a design for a visual programming by demonstration system; they write: The technique provides both experts and novices the ability to examine an artifact and proceed quickly to a high level discussion of it. We attribute this to the compact shared ....

Modugno, F., Green, T. R. G. and Myers, B. A. Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions. In G. Cockton, S. W. Draper, and G. R. S. Weir (Eds.) People and Computers IX: Proc. HCI `94. pp 91-108. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....and parameters. To save space, Pursuit contains heuristics, such as combining two operations into a single panel (e.g. the 3rd panel of Fig. 1B) Integrating Representations in the Interface In addition to representing the programs, PVL s representations are integrated throughout the PBD system[3]. For example, when the PBD system notices a loop, it highlights the panels of the visual script that make the loop s iterations. Users confirm if the system has correctly inferred the loop by looking at the highlighted operations. Similarly, when Pursuit identifies a set to loop over, it displays ....

....integrated throughout the system This improves feedback and forms a closer union between the system and the program representation. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Pursuit is implemented[6] in Garnet. The system was evaluated along cognitive dimension[1] and the findings incorporated into its design[3]. User studies are evaluating how well Pursuit helps users automate tasks. In these studies, users construct programs using Pursuit. The results will be compared with users doing the same tasks in the visual shell, but with programs being represented in an English like textual language (see ....

F Modugno, T.R.G. Green and B. Myers. Visual Programming in a Visual Domain: A Case Study of Cognitive Dimensions. To appear in HCI '94, People and Computers.

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