J. McCarthy and P.J. Hayes. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. In B. Meltzer and D. Michie, editors, Machine Intelligence  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....manner: The informal competency question is stated. The informal competency question is re stated in English with the terminology developed from the ontology The competency question is stated formally in First Order Logic. For consistency with other TOVE ontologies, the situation calculus [13] is used to represent measurement ontology expressions. In situation calculus, each perturbation to the modeled world changes the world from one situation s to another. If the truth value of a term that describes an entity in this world or a relationship between entities varies from situation to ....

McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. J., "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of AI", in Machine Intelligence 4, Meltzer B. and Michie D. (eds.), Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press (1969), 463-501.

....intuitions, several theories of time have been proposed 4 . They can be classified into three classes according to whether the primitive time units are instants, periods or events 5 . Instants The instant is the temporal primitive classically used in physics [38] and also in many AI systems [34, 8, 26, 35, 46]. Instant based theories are defined over a set of instants and an ordering relation. The axioms state properties about the ordering, boundness, denseness discreteness, etc. See appendix A for a summary of results on instant theories. The alternatives to instant based theories are theories built ....

....There is no direct relation between IP and G: IP accepts discrete models, whereas G imposes a sort of denseness by axiom G 1 . It could be a matter of future work to characterize the models of G and its relation with IP . 4 Temporal Incidence 4. 1 Related Work Classical temporal logics in AI [34, 35, 2, 46, 20, 17] mostly agree upon the temporal incidence properties that distinguish fluents from events. Fluents hold homogeneously whereas events event occurrences are anti homogeneuous. Instant based approaches allow (i) a direct expression of instantaneous events and fluents, and (ii) an easy specification ....

J. McCarthy and P. Hayes. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. Machine Intelligence, 4, 1969.

.... The two main contenders are instants (points of time) and periods (intervals of time) A third possibility is having both together. On the one hand, the instant can be taken as the basic primitive. The early representations of time were made in terms of instants as in the Situational Calculus [79], in Bruce s Chronos [16] or in the Time Specialist [54] McDermott also follows this way [80] One of McDermott s main aims is to capture the continuity of time. Time is modelled as an infinite, dense, noncircular collection of instants. It is defined by a dense set of instants over which an ....

....that the branching structure of situations that McDermott defines in his logic to represent different possible futures individuate facts to the right degree of precision. McDermott s definition of events is more subtle. The classical definition based on the fact changes resulting from the event[79] does not satisfy him because it implies that events have no duration (nothing can be said about when the event is happening) and does not cover non effect events (e.g. Jordi is dancing in the sense that it is something being accomplished) The alternative of identifying events with the fact ....

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J. McCarthy and P. Hayes. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. Machine Intelligence, 4, 1969.

....those based on a single primitive temporal entity. They can be classified into three classes according to whether they are based on instants, periods or events 2 . 4. 1 Instant based Theories The instant is the temporal primitive classically used in physics [18] and also in many AI systems [16, 6, 11, 17, 21]. Instants are defined as a durationless pieces of time. An alternative, more precise definition identifies instants to pieces of time whose begin and end are not distinct. In physics it has been standard practice to model time as an unbounded continuum of instants [18] structured as the real ....

....more precise definition identifies instants to pieces of time whose begin and end are not distinct. In physics it has been standard practice to model time as an unbounded continuum of instants [18] structured as the real numbers set. Instant based theories have been used in several AI systems [16, 6, 11, 17, 21]. An instant based theory is defined on a structure hI; OEi with a number of properties: ffl Ordering. The minimum properties for instants ordering are those of a partially ordered set (POSET) IRREF : i OE i) ASYM i OE i 0 ) i 0 OE i) TRANS i OE i 0 i 0 OE i 00 ) i OE i 00 ....

J. McCarthy and P. Hayes. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. Machine Intelligence, 4, 1969.

....to humans ( McCarthy, 1990 ] This extends the process outlined in chapter 4 of [ Sloman, 1978 ] linking conceptual analysis in philosophy with articulation of knowledge for intelligent artefacts. McCarthy s paper gives more examples of connections between AI and philosophy. See also [ McCarthy and Hayes, 1969; Hayes, 1985 ] 3 Two way influences, and more I have listed some topics on which AI informs philosophy and others on which philosophy informs AI. In fact this is a spurious separation, for in all these areas the two activities inform each other, and as the depth of analysis increases, the ....

J. McCarthy and P.J. Hayes. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. Edin. Univ. Press, Edinburgh, 1969.

....to rules whose premise matches (forward chaining) While the issue of efficient use of representations has been addressed by representation designers, in the larger sense the field appears to have been historically ambivalent in its reaction. Early recognition of the notion of heuristic adequacy [16] demonstrates that early on researchers appreciated the significance of the computational properties of a representation, but the tone of much subsequent work in logic (e.g. 13] suggested that epistemology (knowledge content) alone mattered, and defined computational efficiency out of the ....

McCarthy J, Hayes P, Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI, in Machine Intelligence 4, Meltzer and Michie (eds.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 463-504, 1969.

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J. McCarthy and P.J. Hayes. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. In B. Meltzer and D. Michie, editors, Machine Intelligence

No context found.

McCarthy, J. and Hayes, P.J. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of AI. In Readings In Nonmonotonic Reasoning, M. Ginsberg, Ed. Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif., 1987.

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