Sabine Timpf, Gary S. Volta, David W. Pollock, and Max J. Egenhofer. A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction. In A. U. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini, editors, Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, volume 639 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 348--367. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... In symbolic approaches, path planning is carried out on a symbolic description of the environment; the main interest is not in achieving motion in the physical space, but in determining, on a network of places and routes, a sequence of places to be visited in order to carry out a set of tasks [2, 3, 7, 14]. Two kinds of constraints are usually considered: constraints on the resources to be used and temporal constraints related to the execution of tasks and to resource availability. Both topics are widely discussed in the literature: in particular, 1] proposes a technique based on interval temporal ....

Sabine Timpf, Gary Volta, David Pollock, and Max Egenhofer. A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction. In A. U. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini, editors, Theories and methods of spatio-temporal reasoning in geographic space, volume 639 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 348--367. Springer-Verlag, 1992.

.... are still investigated by research in architecture as well as in psychology (Lynch 1960; Gluck 1991) Listing the information needs of pedestrians From the above evaluation, a list of the specific pedestrians needs can be extracted and correlated to find the class groups of major interest (Timpf et al. 1992; Couclelis and Gottsegen 1997) These form the requirements needed to execute the next step. Recommendations for navigation services Presentation of an idea of user interface modeling in the Pedestrian Net and suggestions about how to use the personal device to have the best results in the ....

Timpf, S.; Volta, G.S.; Pollock, D.W.; Egenhofer, M.J., 1992: A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstractions. In: Frank, A.U.; Campari, I.; Formentini, U. (Eds.), Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 639. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin, pp. 348-367.

....of cars. Besides that navigation in cities is influenced by traffic congestion, roadwork and so forth. This section does not concentrate on car navigation in cities however this aspect is only of limited interest to this study. For a conceptual model of wayfinding in a highway network see [TVPE92]. Instead this section concentrates on navigation in general by walking, by using transportation infrastructure like taxis, cars or subways and the like. In a real city all those means of navigation are in a way restricted as is car navigation. Even pedestrians have their special routes and ....

Timpf S., Volta G.S., Pollock D.W., Egenhofer M.J.: "A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction", in: Frank A.U., Campari I., Formentini U. (Eds.): "Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space", Springer LNCS 639, 1992, pp. 348-367

.... multiple representations of geographic data at different levels of detail in order to deal successfully with several demanding applications, like efficient browsing over large spatial databases [2] abstract querying of spatial and statistical databases [18] or structured solutions in way finding [21], but also in order to support map generalisation and conventional cartographic map series production at different scales [10] What underlies the need for better, closer to humans systems is the concept of abstraction [11] It is used pervasively in common sense reasoning which often encompasses ....

Timpf, S., Volta G., Pollock, D. and Egenhofer, M., (1992) A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, pp. 348-376, Springer Verlag, New York, NY.

....et al. 1998) to differentiate situations with the same topology by metric measures characterizing the degree of overlap etc. may answer these questions. 5. 4 Restriction to a Single Level of Detail and Abstraction The level of abstraction differs depending on the requirements of the situation (Timpf et al. 1992, Voisard and Schweppe 1994, Voisard and Schweppe 1997) These different levels of detail play an especially important part in geographic space and make the specification of image schemata difficult. Level of detail may be spatial subdivision, may be the consideration of additional rules, or may ....

S. Timpf, G. Volta, D. Pollock, and M. Egenhofer (1992) A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstractions. in: A. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini (Eds.), Theories and Methods of SpatioTemporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, pp. 348-367, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin.

....in the literature. In [5] the authors describe a hierarchical model for representing a topographic surface at successively finer levels of detail. In [10] the layered model is called spatial semantic hierarchy and consists of a control level, a topological level and a geometric level. In [15], human navigation in the highway network is modelled through a cognitive map including three abstraction levels: the planning level, the instructional level and the driver level; the problem of classification of spatial objects is not addressed. The approach used for the representation of the ....

S. Timpf, G.S. Volta, D. Pollock and M.J. Egenhofer, "A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction", in Theories and methods of spatio-temporal reasoning in geographic space, A.U. Frank, I. Campari, U. Formentini Eds., LNCS, 639, Springer-Verlag, 1992. Fig. 7. Guide window for presenting a work of art to the user.

....solving path planning problems. In [16] a variety of abstractions are used for the purpose of problem reduction at different phases during route planning; the environment representation is solidly grounded to vision data, but the problem of classification of spatial objects is not addressed. In [36], human navigation in the highway network is modelled through a cognitive map including three abstraction levels: the planning level, the instructional level and the driver level. This approach bears some resemblance with ours, since the three levels coarsely correspond to, respectively, the ....

S. Timpf, G.S. Volta, D. Pollock and M.J. Egenhofer, "A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction", in Theories and methods of spatiotemporal reasoning in geographic space, A.U. Frank, I. Campari and U. Formentini Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 639, Springer-Verlag, 1992.

....in spatial information theory. Indeed, multiresolution modelling offers interesting capabilities for spatial representation and reasoning: from support to map generalisation and automated cartography [15] to efficient browsing over large GISs, to structured solutions in wayfinding and planning [25]. Current GISs do not offer much in multiresolution data handling: apart from some hierarchical capabilities in raster modelling, which are essentially based on structures and tools inherited from image processing, there is an almost total lack of features for handling and relating spatial data at ....

Timpf, S., Volta, G.S., Pollock, D.W., Egenhofer, M.: A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction. In Theories and Methods of SpatioTemporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, eds. A.U. Frank, I. Campari, U. Formentini, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, Springer-Verlag, pp.348-367

....level. What does the hierarchical level mean in the context of this hypothesis We can talk about hierarchy from two aspects: the first is the hierarchy of tasks one performs, and the second is the hierarchy of data one uses to perform a task. An example of the hierarchy of tasks is given in (Timpf and others 1992). Timpf proposes three hierarchical levels based on different tasks in planning and navigating a trip: the Planning level, the Instructional level, and the Driver Level. The objects and actions on each level are different and contribute to the description of the particular task. An example of the ....

Timpf, S., G. S. Volta, D. W. Pollock, and M. J. Eggenhofer (1992): A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction. Proceedings of the GIS - form Space to Theory: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Pisa, Italy.

....et al. 1998) to differentiate situations with the same topology by metric measures characterizing the degree of overlap etc. may answer these questions. 8 5. 4 Restriction to a Single Level of Detail and Abstraction The level of abstraction differs depending on the requirements of the situation (Timpf et al. 1992, Voisard and Schweppe 1994, Voisard and Schweppe 1997) These multiple levels of detail play an especially important part in geographic space and make the specification of image schemata difficult. Level of detail may be spatial subdivision, may be the consideration of additional rules, or may be ....

S. Timpf, G. Volta, D. Pollock, and M. Egenhofer (1992) A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstractions. in: A. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini (Eds.), Theories and Methods of SpatioTemporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, pp. 348-367, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin.

....in Switzerland do not form a partition. There are areas which are jointly governed by two Gemeinden and there are others, which are not in any Gemeinde. Hierachies in linear networks are not built on a part of or inclusion relation, and a consistent ontology is an open problem (Car and Frank 1994, Timpf et al. 1992). Considering maps of different scales, objects from the small scale map are shown with more detail, more parts, on the larger scale map. A detailed analysis of this relation is necessary to build comprehensive, multi scale cartographic databases (Frank and Timpf 1994, Timpf, Burrough, and Frank ....

Timpf, S. et al. "A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstractions." In Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, ed. Frank, A.U., Campari, I., and Formentini, U. 348-367. 639. Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1992.

.... of human information processing, as identified by contemporary psychological research and theory (Gopal, Klatzky, Smith, 1989; Gopal Smith, 1990) Timpf developed a conceptual model for highway navigation using multiple levels of abstraction (planning, instruction, and driving level) (Timpf et al. 1992). Maass (1993) defines the segmentation hierarchy on which the multimodal, incremental route description process consisting of wayfinding, a wayfinding presentation, and a control process is based on. Work by Timpf and Maass is complementary to the line of investigation pursued here and the two ....

.... Timpf s, or Maass work, given in Section 2) Hierarchical structures, which result from the task hierarchization, are level dependent: different elements and operations on them occur on different levels (level specific hierarchical structure in terms of Freksa (1991) applied to wayfinding in (Timpf et al. 1992)) Hierarchical structure of space is level independent. It organizes the spatial objects in groups such that each group has the same structure, the same type of objects, and the same operations apply. Only a small number of spatial hierarchies are possible because of a small number of geometric ....

Timpf, S. et al. : "A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction." Proceedings of the GIS - form Space to Theory: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Pisa, Italy, ed. Frank, A.U., I. Campari, & U. Formentini, Springer Verlag, 348-367, 1992.

....principles of the model are presented in section V; an application illustrates the model in section VI and a conclusion is formulated in section VII. II. NAVIGATION KNOWLEDGE PRINCIPLES Navigation knowledge is provided by the application of a mental model which depends on a user perception [18, 19]. It is the result of an experience if it is known, or it has to be experimented if it acts as a proposed solution. Navigation knowledge is defined by a procedural knowledge [18] the related geographical environment which provides survey knowledge [18] and the perceptual space [3] The procedural ....

.... hierarchical and incremental cognitive model [10] The hierarchical characteristic allows an incremental ordering of complementary abstraction levels, from strategic to specific according to Kuipers [8] from basic to secondary according to Maab [10] and from planning to action according to Timpf [19]. These different abstraction levels used for the description of a navigation knowledge form a multidimensional spatial set [16] The semantic association of these different abstraction levels is fundamental to ensure the continuity of the cognitive process. The mental association of these ....

Timpf, S., Volta, G. S., Pollock, D. W. and Egenhofer, M. J., A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction. Theories and Methods of Spatio-temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Frank, A. U., Campari, I. and Formentini, U. eds, SpringerVerlag, Pisa, Italia, September 1992, pp. 348-362.

....System and show how the logical and analogical frameworks are integrated. 2. An analogical model of space Several researchers have worked on cognitive maps as a basis for representing configurational knowledge (Golledge Zannaras 1973) Golledge 1992) Several studies (Lynch 1960) Tversky 1993)(Timpf et al. 1992) showed that most people use some kind of mental model of a region or city part in order to generate and describe a route: they mentally visualize the salient elements characterizing the Way that they want to describe. Based on these cognitive results and given the complexity of implementing pure ....

Timpf S., Volta G. S., Pollock D. W., Egenhofer M. J. (1992). A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction, In (Frank et al. 1992), 349-367.

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S. Timpf, G. Volta, D. Pollock, and M. Egenhofer, "A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction," Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Pisa, Italy, A. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini, eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 639, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp. 348-367, 1992.

....paths) and (3) survey or configurational knowledge allows people to locate landmarks and routes within a general frame of reference (i.e. incorporating Euclidean measurements) Siegel and White 1975) The cognitive abilities depend on the task at hand. Finding one s way in a street network (Timpf et al. 1992, Car 1996) uses a different set of cognitive abilities than navigating from one room to another in a house. People are usually good in applying their individual skills to the task at hand: if their spatial skills are weak, they use verbal skills to navigate, and vice versa (Vanetti and Allen ....

S. Timpf, G. Volta, D. Pollock, and M. Egenhofer (1992) A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction. in: A. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini (Eds.), GIS - from Space to Theory: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning, Pisa, Italy, pp. 348-367.

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Sabine Timpf, Gary S. Volta, David W. Pollock, and Max J. Egenhofer. A conceptual model of wayfinding using multiple levels of abstraction. In A. U. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini, editors, Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, volume 639 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 348--367. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.

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Timpf, S., Volta, G., Pollock, D., Egenhofer, M. J., 1992. A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction. In: Frank, A., Campari, I., Formentini, U. (Eds.), Theory and methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. Vol. 639 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, Pisa, Italy.

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S. Timpf, G. Volta, D. Pollock, and M. J. Egenhofer. A Conceptual Model of Wayfinding Using Multiple Levels of Abstraction. In A. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini, editors, Theory and methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, volume 639 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 348--367, Pisa, Italy, 1992. Springer-Verlag.

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