A.R. Puerta, J.W. Edgar, and M.A. Musen. A multiple method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4:171-196.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... 10] Blythe et al. designed a general knowledge acquisition interface based on previous techniques [2] Musen developed the prot eg e environment for creating knowledge acquisition tools [14, 16] which proved e#ective for the development of knowledge systems, including the aids expert systems [20], asthma treatment selection [8] and elevator design rules [21] III. Knowledge Base Physicians at the Mo#tt Cancer Center have about 150 clinical trials available for cancer patients. They have identified criteria that determine a patient s eligibility for each trial, and they use these ....

Angel R. Puerta, John W. Egar, Samson W. Tu, and Mark A. Musen. A multiple-method knowledgeacquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2):171--196, 1992.

.... the case with Oncocin [22] which was designed following the problem solving method known as skeletal plan refinement [10] and whose conceptual model in KADS [26] has been presented in [13] The T HELPER system [21] also implements a protocol for AIDS treatment using the PROTEGE II methodology [16]. The skeletal plan refinement method consists of selecting a general plan of predefined treatment (called a skeletal plan ) These plans specify standard treatment protocols, and their modification in function of the patient s state. Once a plan has been selected, it is refined cyclically into ....

Puerta A, Edgar J, Tu SW, Musen MA. A multiple-method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. In Proc. of the 6th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based System Workshop, Banff, Canada, 1991.

....of molecular biology and biochemistry. As previously mentioned, the motivation for adding FCA techniques into MCRDR was the desire to provide an environment that allowed knowledge to be reused in multiple ways for various activities and decision styles. Other similarly motivated work are Protg [28] and the work on reusing the knowledge in MYCIN [4] however both approaches targeted a particular reuse activity such as automatic development of screens for KA or tutoring, respectively. A key difference between the ontology developed using FCA and a semantically organised ontology such as ....

Puerta, A. R, Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W. and Musen, M.A. (1992) A Multiple Method Knowledge Acquisition Shell for Automatic Generation of Knowledge Acquisition Tools Knowledge Acquisition 4(2).

....The common approach is to model complex functionality by means of task composition; a complex task is composed of a number of smaller, less complex tasks. Most knowledge engineering approaches take such a task oriented approach; e.g. MIKE KARL [3] 4] 16] CommonKADS [33] VITAL [34] PROTG II [30], TASK [28] and MILORD [1] Within knowledge engineering the ability to formally describe the behaviour of models (of complex tasks) contributes to modelling, design, evaluation, maintenance, validation and verification, and reuse of models [17] 37] As such, formal methods provide a means to ....

Puerta, A.R., Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W., and Musen, M.A. (1992). A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 1992, vol. 4, pp. 171-196.

....2.3. The temporal abstraction knowledgeacquisition tool As part of our previous research, we have constructed a graphical knowledge acquisition tool for automated acquisition of temporal abstraction knowledge from domain experts [38] using the PROTG II framework. The PROTG II project [26, 39] develops a library of highly reusable, domain independent, problem solving methods. One advantage of the PROTG II approach is the production, given the relevant problem solvingmethod and domain ontologies, of automated knowledgeacquisition tools, tailored for the selected problem solving method ....

Puerta, A.R., Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W., and Musen, M.A. (1992). A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition 4, 171--196 .

....(KBS) The problemsolving structure of an application cannot always be defined in domain independent terms, and a single problem solving strategy may be too general to address the particulars of an application. Puerta et al. advocate using finer grained PSMs from which a KBS can be constructed [Puerta et al. 1992] . Gil and Melz [Gil Melz, 1996] address this problem by encoding the PSM in a language that allows any part of the problem solving knowledge to be inspected and changed by a user. In their approach, a partially completed KBS can be analyzed to find missing problem solving knowledge that forms ....

Puerta, A. R.; Egar, J. W.; Tu, S.; and Musen, M. A. 1992. A multiple-method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition 4(2):171--196.

....structure of an application cannot always be defined in domain independent terms, and one problem solving strategy may not address all the particulars of an application because it was designed to be general. Musen and others advocate using finer grained PSMs from which a KBS can be constructed [13]. Gil and Melz [9] address this issue by encoding the PSM in a language that allows any part of the problem solving knowledge to be inspected and changed by a user. In their approach, a partially completed KBS can be analysed to find missing problem solving knowledge that forms the roles to be ....

A. R. Puerta, J. W. Egar, S. Tu, and M. A. Musen, `A multiple-method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge acquisition tools', Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2), 171--196, (1992).

....by the desire to make control knowledge reusable across similar application tasks, by separating it from domain knowledge. On this premise, there have been developed some well known automated knowledge acquisition tools (e.g. SALT [17] meta level knowledge acquisition tools (e.g. PROTEGE II [21]) and libraries of generic PSMs and GTs (e.g. TINA [2] DSPL GT [15] So far we see that different goal directed reasoning approaches vary on their motivation. Basic rule based schemes and their variations use goal directedness to improve control. SOAR uses goaldirectedness mainly to facilitate ....

Puerta, A.R., Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W., and Musen, M.A., "A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools," Knowledge Acquisition, 4, pp. 171-196, 1992.

....on a knowledge engineer. However, PROTG s approach follows mainstream research and emphasises the role of ontologies and methods to provide mappings between the knowledge base (KB) and problem solving method. Additionally, PROTG is primarily concerned with the task of knowledge acquuisition (KA) (Puerta et. al 1992) rather than providing multiple ways of accessing and exploring knowledge by the user for a wide range of tasks. Also from Stanford is the KNAVE system which facilitates acquistion, maintenance, sharing and reuse of temporal abstraction knowledge in a visual environment (Shahar and Cheng 1998) ....

Puerta, A. R, Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W. and Musen, M.A. (1992) A Multiple Method Knowledge Acquisition Shell for Automatic Generation of Knowledge Acquisition Tools Knowledge Acquisition 4(2):171-196.

....extremely complex, since in some of the applications we have seen object instances that are composed of several hundred assertions. Model based interfaces that declaratively represent object classes and the associated interfaces have been used to acquire object instances of medium complexity [15]. The design of effective tools to acquire complex object instances remains largely an open research issue, in our view one that has more to do with the HCI aspects of the interface rather than providing more intelligent assistance. # Object classes refer to general descriptions of object ....

A. R. Puerta, J. W. Egar, S. Tu, and M. A. Musen. A multiple-method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2):171--196, 1992.

....are mostly considered final before being put into routine use. These approaches are based on Newell s (1982) Knowledge Level which advocates the modeling of knowledge at a level above its symbolic representation and includes modeling of problem solving methods (Chandrasekaran 1986, McDermott 1988, Puerta et al. 1992, Schreiber, Weilinga and Breuker 1993 and Steels 1993) and ontologies (Guha and Lenat 1990, Patil et al. 1992 and Pirlein and Studer 1994) The need for complex modeling as a prerequisite to knowledge acquisition (KA) has resulted in the development of verification (Cragun and Streuduel 1987, ....

Puerta, A. R, Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W. and Musen, M.A. (1992) A Multiple Method Knowledge Acquisition Shell for Automatic Generation of Knowledge Acquisition Tools Knowledge Acquisition 4(2).

....of the PSM and the associated knowledge modelling. 2 Component Technologies 2.1 PSMs: The CommonKADS View In CommonKADS, problem solving methods are the product of expertise analysis one of several analysis steps which are speci ed by the methodology. PSMs are also used in Protege [ Puerta et al. 1992 ] and in Expect [ Gil and Melz, 1996 ] although in di erent forms) PSMs de ne distinct methods for performing a task, for example, diagnosis can be modelled as involving a heuristic association between observations and solutions, or as a process of decomposing a system and testing its ....

A.R. Puerta, J.W. Egar, S.W. Tu, and M.A. Musen. A multiple-method knowledgeacquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4:171-196, 1992.

....a metaview that is based on a generic problem solving method: skeletal plan refinement [ Tu et al. 1989 ] However, this method oriented view is restricted to a single problem solving method. A subsequent project, prot eg e ii, generalizes prot eg e, and removes some of these restrictions [ Puerta et al. 1992 ] Spark, Burn, and FireFighter (sbf) Marques et al. 1992 ] form a set of tools designed to make programming easier by providing reusable programming constructs, or mechanisms. Spark helps the developer to identify and combine relevant mechanisms from a library. In the sbf approach, each ....

Angel R. Puerta, John W. Egar, Samson W. Tu, and Mark A. Musen. A multiplemethod knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2):171--196, 1992.

.... standard knowledge acquisition tools assume that the knowledge based system follows a prede#ned inference structure or problem solving method #PSM#, and they only support the addition and modi#cation of the domain dependent knowledge required by the problemsolving method #Marcus McDermott, 1989; Puerta, Egar, Tu, Musen, 1992; Runkel Birmingham, 1993#. For instance, SALT #Marcus McDermott, 1989# is a knowledge acquisition tool tailored to the propose and revise problem solving method for solving system con#guration problems. SALT only supports the acquisition of the domain dependent knowledge used by proposeand ....

Puerta, A. R., Egar, J. W., Tu, S. W., & Musen, M. A. #1992#. A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4#2#:171#196.

.... this discussion Section 2 will be concluded by describing two prominent developments in the late eighties: Role limiting Methods [99] and Generic Tasks [36] In Section 3 we will present some modeling frameworks which have been developed in recent years: CommonKADS [129] MIKE [6] and PROT G II [123]. Section 4 gives a short overview of specification languages for KBSs. Problem solving methods have been a major research topic in KE for the last decade. Basic characteristics of (libraries of) problem solving methods are described in Section 5. Ontologies, which gained a lot of importance ....

....environment, the MIKE approach is currently extended by new models which define different views on an enterprise. Main emphasis is put on a smooth transition from business modeling to the modeling of problem solving processes [45] 3. 3 The PROT G II Approach The PROT G II approach (cf. [123], 51] aims at supporting the development of KBSs by the reuse of PSMs and ontologies. In addition, PROT G II puts emphasis on the generation of custom tailored knowledge acquisition tools from ontologies [50] PROT G II relies on the task method decomposition structure (compare Section 2.2) ....

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A. R. Puerta, J. W. Egar, S. W. Tu, and M. A. Musen, A Multiple-Method Knowledge Acquisition Shell for the Automatic Generation of Knowledge Acquisition Tools, Knowledge Acquisition 4, 1992, 171196.

....in their approach to composing problemsolving methods, they differ markedly on the degree of support they provide to the task of acquiring Corresponding author. email: tu camis.stanford.edu; fax: 415 725 7944 domain knowledge from the application experts. Our explicit goal in the PROTG II project[29] is to develop a framework for automating the generation of KA tools based on the knowledge roles defined by the problem solving methods that are assembled and configured from reusable components [26] We have built an environment for custom tailoring problem solving methods from a library of ....

A.R. Puerta, J.W. Egar, S.W. Tu, and M.A. Musen, A multiple-method knowledgeacquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools , Knowledge Acquisition. 4 (1992) 171--196.

....can be the foundation for complete development environments that support all facets of expert system construction from mechanisms. In the next section, we describe such an environment: PROTG II, a system under development at our laboratory. 3. Overview of PROTG II The PROTG II environment [Puerta et al. 1992; Tu et al. 1992] is a descendant of PROTG [Musen, 1989] which was a knowledge acquisition tool founded on a single problem solving method, but that did not incorporate the concept of a mechanism. PROTG II is designed Task Mechanism Method Mechanism Mechanism Mechanism Subtask Subtask ....

Puerta, A.R., Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W., and Musen, M.A. (1992). A multiple-method knowledgeacquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4, 171--196.

.... [McDermott, 1988] It is restricted to a single method, and, because problem solving methods are domain independent, the interfaces of the resulting tools follow the computational requirements of the method, and ignore the interaction requirements of the domain of interest and of the tool users [Puerta et al. 1992]. DOTS is not limited to any specific problem solving method; its function is to assist knowledge engineers in the design of new tools, rather than to automate the design process. Researchers in human computer interaction are studying the generation of user interfaces from data models. Systems ....

....an overview of Mecano. Section 4 explains how, from a domain ontology, Mecano generates form based knowledge acquisition tools. Section 5 contains conclusions and discusses open research questions. 3. The Mecano Environment The Mecano development environment is part of the PROTG II architecture [Puerta et al. 1992; Puerta et al. in press] shown in Figure 1, that is under construction at our laboratory. PROTG II allows knowledge engineers to construct expert systems from a library of Figure 1. A schematic view of PROTG II. To build a knowledge based system, the developer selects a domain independent ....

Puerta, A.R., Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W., and Musen, M.A. 1992. A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2):171--196.

....process is applied in the PROTG II architecture (Section 4) In this paper, we focus on the reformulation of the ESPR method in the PROTG II architecture. The design of PROTG II to implement the architecture, and issues of the related human computer interaction, are described elsewhere (Puerta et al. 1992). 2 The PROTG IIARCHITECTURE We adopt a framework where problems to be solved are represented as tasks, and ways of solving them are represented as methods. A task is a specification of a problem to be solved in the world, such as diagnosing problems in a four cylinder engine or designing a ....

....facility to allow a knowledge engineer to associate methods from the method library of PROTG II with the tasks and subtasks selected for the problem solver. The knowledge acquisition system must index the methods and tasks to help the knowledge engineer select appropriate methods for the tasks (Puerta et al. 1992). Using these facilities provided by PROTG II, the knowledge engineer first assembles and configures the problem solving method for the task (Section 4.1) The input and out 18 put specifications of these configured methods define the knowledge roles for which domain specific datatypes must ....

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Puerta, A., Egar, J., Tu, S., Musen, M. (1992). A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4, xxx--xxx.

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A.R. Puerta, J.W. Egar, S.W. Tu and M.A. Musen, "A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools," Knowledge Acquisition, 4, 171--196 (1992).

....to detail the latter s internal procedure. As inferred from the domain ontology in our example, dragging a medication box from the palette onto the drawing area of the upper window is an illegal operation in this interface. Interfaces like the one shown in Figure 6 are generated within PROTG II [10, 13] a knowledge acquisition shell that produces automatically knowledge acquisition tools that domain experts can employ to edit an expert system s knowledge base. Although, in this case, we showed only how a generic graphical editor can be custom tailored to a given domain, other types of ....

Puerta, A.R., Egar, J.W., Tu, S.W. and Musen, M.A. A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4, (1992), 171--196.

....of problem classes. After selecting, combining and refining tasks they are connected with PSMs and their combination are instantiated for the given domain. A more detailed discussion on this process model can be found in (Fensel et al. 1998b) An editor for UPML was developed using PROT G II (Puerta et al. 1992). The output of the editor is translated into Frame logic (Kifer et al. 1995) allowing browsing and querying UPML specifications with Ontobroker 2 . Still missing is a full fledged theorem prover to reason about the formal specification parts of UPML. 2. Ontobroker provides an ontology browser ....

Puerta, A. R. , Egar, J. W., Tu, S. W., and Musen, M. A. (1992): A Multiple-method Knowledge-Acquisition Shell for the Automatic Generation of Knowledge-acquisition Tools, Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2):171---196.

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A.R. Puerta, J.W. Edgar, and M.A. Musen. A multiple method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4:171-196.

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Puerta A. Egar J.W. Tu S. Musen M.A.: "A Multiple-Method Knowledge Acquisition Shell for the Automatic Generation of Knowledge Acquisition Tools". Knowledge Acquisition, 4(2). Pp. 171-196. 1992.

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A.R. Puerta, J.W. Egar, S.W. Tu, and M.A. Musen. A multiple-method knowledge-acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition 4, 171--196, (1992).

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