K. M. Hellstern, P. Wirth, "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application", In Proc. ITC-13, Denmark, 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....of communication systems in general, and computer networks in particular, is no exception to that described above. Careful statistical analysis of data collected over a wide variety of networks has provided ample evidence that network traffic processes exhibit properties of self similarity and LRD [25], 23] 10] 29] 5] However, there is still considerable debate about how to model such processes. Different approaches have been taken that parallel those taken in other areas and described earlier. One approach has been to argue that the observed LRD may be due to non stationarity in the ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. Wirth, Y-L. Yang, and D. Hoeflin. Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application. In Proc. ITC'13, pages 167--172, Copenhagen, June 1991.

....agree favorably with those generated by the measurements. 1. INTRODUCTION The demand for the introduction of applications with real time constraints on to data networks has created a need for the development of accurate forecasting models for existing traffic on these networks. Recent studies [1] [2] 3] of network traffic measurements have shown that data traffic exhibits significantly higher variability than Poisson processes. This becomes evident when one observes in this traffic larger magnitudes for the coefficient of variation for the packet inter arrival times and monotonically ....

....as utilization and buffer size determine the number of correlation time scales that must be modeled. Long term correlations beyond a outside time scale do not significantly affect network performance. Traffic models based on second order stationary self similar processes have been proposed in [1]. Stationary time series models using autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes have been applied in Basu et al. 8] Here differencing of the traffic is found necessary to account for drifts and trends in the mean level of the data. This approach will require frequent updates from the ....

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K. Meier-Hellstern, P.E. Wirth, Y.-L. Yan and D.A. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN data users: Office Automation application," in Teletraffic and Data Traffic in a Period of Change, Eds. A. Jensen and V.B. Iversen, Proc. of ITC-13, Copenhagen, pp. 167-172, Elsevier Science Pub., Amsterdam, 1991.

....can play a fundamental role in generating cyclical trends in TCP traffic. A simulation based analysis of TCP is presented that demonstrates how the control mechanism in TCP can induce periodic components into a random application layer traffic stream. 1. INTRODUCTION Traffic measurement studies [1] [2] 3] have amply demonstrated that data traffic is characterized by complex traffic patterns that cannot be explained on the basis of simple stochastic models and independent random variables. The existing demand for provision of quality of service guarantees [4] for Internet connections, ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P.E. Wirth, Y.-L. Yan and D.A. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN data users: Office Automation application," in Teletraffic and Data Traffic in a Period of Change, Eds. A. Jensen and V.B. Iversen, Proc. of ITC-13, Copenhagen, pp. 167-172, Elsevier Science Pub., Amsterdam, 1991.

....with the quality of service (QoS) constraints while maintaining maximum network utilization. Traffic modeling is also necessary for traffic forecasting and engineering future network capacity. Traffic measurement studies have amply demonstrated the complexity inherent in data traffic patterns [1,2,3]. Data packet arrivals are found to be correlated over both short and long time scales. These features generally result from the arrival of bursts of packets of comparable size, often leading to high instantaneous arrival rates. Traffic modeling studies have attempted to capture the long range ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P.E. Wirth, Y.-L. Yan and D.A. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN data users: Office Automation application," in Teletraffic and Data Traffic in a Period of Change, Eds. A. Jensen and V.B. Iversen, Proc. of ITC-13, Copenhagen, p167-172, Elsevier Science Pub., Amsterdam, 1991.

....and simulated queueing performance of the ATM traffic and show the strong robustness of self similar properties identified. 1. INTRODUCTION In the last decade a number of extensive studies of high resolution traffic measurements from a wide range of packet traffic networks have been reported [1,6,7,10,11,14,22]. The most important finding of these studies is the identified fractal like behaviour implying the so called long range dependence and self similarity properties. As a result of intensive research at Bellcore a series of papers reported these findings in Ethernet LAN [7,9,11,12] The ....

....in Ethernet LAN [7,9,11,12] The comprehensive study of Leland s group with the conclusion that this traffic is self similar was published in detail in [11] The study of Duffy et al. 6] revealed the self similarity traffic property in common channel signalling network. Meier Hellstern et al. [14] found that the Pareto distribution with infinite variance is applicable for characterizing the D channel traffic in N ISDN. Paxson et al. 20,22] reported the self similar features of TCP traffic. The fractal properties also appeared in the analysis of video traffic (see the work of Garett et al. ....

K. Meier-Hellstern et al. Traffic models for ISDN data users: Office automation application. In ITC-13, pages 167--172, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1991.

.... in a file system [24] CPU times consumed by UNIX processes [27] inter keystroke times for typing [14] frame sizes for variable bit rate video [21] TELNET inter packet times and lengths of FTP bursts [39] and sizes and durations of bursts and idle periods of individual Ethernet connections [35]. This ubiquity of power laws has motivated some researchers to suggest that they have a common origin in self organized criticality [5] It has also been 4 suggested that it is possible to describe many of the features of computer networks in terms familiar in information theory, statistical ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P.E. Wirth, Y.-L. Yan, and D.A. Hoeflin. Traffic models for ISDN data users: Office automation application. In A. Jensen and V.B. Iversen, editors, Teletraffic and Datatraffic in a Period of Change, Proc. of ITC13, Copenhagen, pages 167--172, Amsterdam, 1991. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

....have rational Laplace transform [19] We discuss this further in Section 2. Since the transforms need not be rational, this algorithm is convenient for studying the impact of long tail distributions [20] This is important because long tail distributions have been observed in teletraffic systems [21], 22] Our numerical results show that the quality of approximations for steady state waiting time tail probabilities in typical regions of interest (e.g. 10 2 ) based on small tail asymptotics can be remarkably bad when there are long tail service time distributions. We have also combined ....

K. S. Meier-Hellstern, P. E. Wirth, Y. L. Lan and D. A. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application," Teletraffic and Datatraffic in a Period of Change, ITC 13, A. Jensen and V. B. Iversen (eds.), North-Holland, 1991, pp. 167-172.

.... in telecommunications systems, e.g. see Cole [5] and Rahko [17] However, the emergence of new services and new technologies has led to new kinds of traffic and new traffic models, e.g. see Frost and Melamed [8] Leland, Taqqu, Willinger and Wilson [1] Meier Hellstern, Wirth, Yan and Hoeflin [15] and Part I of Roberts [18] Just as with overflow traffic associated with alternative routing, in many new situations the classical Poisson process traffic model is not nearly appropriate. On the other hand, in other situations it evidently is still appropriate. We want to be able to determine if ....

K. S. Meier-Hellstern, P. E. Wirth, Y. Yan and D. A. Hoeflin, Traffic models for ISDN data users: office automation application, in: Teletraffic and Datatraffic in a Period of Change, ITC-13, A. Jensen and V. B. Iversen (eds.), (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991) 167172.

....insights into the traffic management of high speed networks. 1 Introduction In the past 2 3 years, large amounts of traffic measurements from working packet networks (including Ethernet LANs, WANs, CCSN SS7, ISDN, and VBR video over ATM) have been collected and analyzed. The results reported in [1, 5, 7, 13, 25, 26, 40, 23, 33, 35, 36] have been striking for two reasons: 1) these studies demonstrate that it is possible to clearly distinguish between actual packet network traffic and traffic generated by widely employed theoretical models, and (2) in sharp contrast to the traditional packet traffic models, aggregate packet ....

.... analyses of (i) Bellcore s Ethernet LAN traffic measurements [25, 26] ii) WAN traffic traces collected at Berkeley [35, 36] iii) traffic measurements collected from working Common Channel Signaling (CCS) subnetworks [5] iv) packet traces collected in an ISDN office automation environment [33], and (v) VBR video traces [13, 1, 20] Note that because of the use of highestquality traffic monitoring equipment and because of current data storage capabilities that are practically unlimited, the resulting sets of traffic measurements are unique in terms of quality and size. For the queueing ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Meier-Hellstern, P.E. Wirth, Y.-L. Yan and D.A. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application", in: Teletraffic and Data Traffic in a Period of Change (Proc. of the 13th ITC, Copenhagen, 1991), A. Jensen, V. B. Iversen (Eds.), North Holland, pp. 167-172, 1991.

.... evidence suggests that the traffic generated by individual sources as well as the traffic resulting from the superposition of multiple sources exhibit a property of long range dependence (LRD) Examples of individual traffic sources with LRD include video coders [10, 2] and ISDN terminals [15]. Examples of network traffic (i.e. resulting from of the superposition of multiple sources) with LRD include Ethernet local area networks [12] and wide area packet networks such as the Internet [17, 11] or the CCS network [7] It turns out that traffic with LRD from an indivdual source can be ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. Wirth, Y-L. Yang, D. Hoeflin, "Traffic models for ISDN data users: Office automation application", Proc. ITC 13, Copenhagen, pp. 167-172, June 1991.

....specifically, services from ISDN and ATM. The problem of bursty traffic packet arrival 1 modeling is among the most important challenging problems in this category. Although, numerous models of packet arrival processes have been proposed in literature, see Ramaswami et al. 9] Hellstern et al. [10], Sriram et al. 11] Heffes et al. 12] it seems that there is still a number of packet traffic features not being understood perfectly. This is partly due to uncertainties in the traffic characteristics, and to the difficulties in characterizing the traffic arrival models. Analysis of traffic ....

....that there is still a number of packet traffic features not being understood perfectly. This is partly due to uncertainties in the traffic characteristics, and to the difficulties in characterizing the traffic arrival models. Analysis of traffic data from networks and services such as ISDN traffic [10], Ethernet LAN s [8] Common Channel Signaling Network (CCNS) 15] and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video [13] have all convincingly demonstrated the presence of features such as self similarity, long range dependence, slowly decaying variances, heavy tailed distributions and fractal dimensions which ....

K.M.Hellstern, P.Wirth, "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application", Proc. ITC-13, Denmark, 1991.

....be multiple factors contributing to the self similar behavior observed in network traffic. Some causes of self similar behavior may be based in user behavior (from what has been called free traffic [20] Indeed, this is the common explanation, and some supporting evidence has been uncovered [4,18,21,22,32]. For example, the time between user initiated calls could be heavy tailed, which implies infinite variance and possibly infinite mean in the user s think time. Or there could be infinite variance mean in the duration of a call before the user decides to terminate. In these cases, the ....

K. S. Meier-Hellstern, P. E. Wirth, Y. Yan, D. A. Hoeflin, Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application, in: Proc. 13th Intl. Teletraffic Congress, June 1991, pp. 167-72.

....of communication systems in general, and computer networks in particular, is no exception to that described above. Careful statistical analysis of data collected over a wide variety of networks has provided ample evidence that network traffic processes exhibit properties of self similarity and LRD [26, 24, 10, 30, 5]. However, there is still considerable debate about how to model such processes. Different approaches have been taken that parallel those taken in other areas and described earlier. One approach has been to argue that the observed LRD may be due to nonstationarity in the data caused by the ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. Wirth, Y-L. Yang, and D. Hoeflin. Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application. In Proc. ITC'13, pages 167--172, Copenhagen, June 1991.

....canvas (the two autocorrelation curves are visually indistinguishable) Such source models can be used to generate synthetic streams of realistic traffic to drive simulations of communications networks. 2. 6 SELF SIMILAR TRAFFIC MODELS Recent traffic studies from working packet networks [7, 24, 33, 59, 97, 75] have revealed new features of packet traffic that have gone unnoticed in the traffic modeling literature, yet seem to have serious implications for designing, engineering and controlling future high speed networks. The measured data demonstrate convincingly that packet traffic can be ....

Meier-Hellstern, K., Wirth, P.E., Yan, Y.-L. and Hoeflin, D.A., "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application", Proc. 13-th International Teletraffic Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1991, 167--172.

.... of Pisa Abstract: The self similar behavior of multimedia traffic was confirmed by several experimental measurements over LANs [1] MANs [2] and WANs [3] These statistical properties were also pointed out in VBR coded video sequences [4] 5] 6] and in signaling traffic over N ISDN networks [7]. The long memory properties of the stochastic processes, used as mathematical models of real traffic, need new architectural approaches in designing the functionalities of a B ISDN network. This is due to the implications of heavy tailed autocorrelation functions (long range dependence) on ....

....peak allocation schemes currently adopted over wide area ATM networks. 1. INTRODUCTION Self similar processes are emerging as a realistic mathematical characterization of the statistical behavior of the traffic corresponding to LANs [1] MANs [2] WANs [3] D channel signaling in ISDN networks [7] and VBR coded video sequences [4] 5] 6] Self similar processes are characterized by an hyperbolic decay of their autocorrelation function that cannot be directly obtained using traditional Markov processes (Poisson processes, Markov Modulated Poisson Processes, Batch Poisson Processes, ARMA ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. Wirth, Y-L. Yan and D. Hoeflin "Traffic models for ISDN data users: office automation applications" Proc. ITC 13 Copenhagen 1991

....preconceived ideas which cannot be tested. This establishes the prima facie importance of the models we study here. Now that some relevant data has become available, it is apparent that a broadening in new directions is indeed necessary. 2 The Evidence Kathy Meier Hellstern and Pat Wirth et al. [20] from AT T Bell laboratories measured ISDN D channel packet data from an office automation environment. They discovered an enormous variability which could not be well explained by traditional models. However they successfully modelled the data by decomposing the traffic into three different ....

....with the PDF: F X (x) 1 Gamma (x=ffl) GammaD ; x ffl; ffl; D 0. The n th moment exists only if n D, and is given by Dffl n = D Gamma n) The Zeta distribution [7] is commonly quoted as the discrete version of the Pareto (these were the distributions used by Meier Hellstern et al. [20] ) It is often easier however to work with the similar discrete hyperbolic distribution, so called because of the hyperbolic form: PfN ng = n GammaD , D 0, of its survival function. Like the Zeta distribution, it has infinite mean for D 2 (0; 1] and infinite variance for D 2 (0; 2] ....

K. S. Meier--Hellstern, P. E. Wirth, Y-L. Yan, and D. A Hoeflin. "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application," Proceedings, ITC13, pp 167, Copenhagen 1991.

....Telecommunications Networks. I. Introduction Motivation. The phenomenon of Long Range Dependence (LRD) has recently attracted strong interest in telecommunications, with the discovery of self similar and long range dependent properties in data and communications traffic of diverse types [19] 23] [20]. The investigation of the impact of this on telecommunication network performance (for example [21] 9] 13] has highlighted the need for accurate and computationally effective estimation methods for LRD parameters. Both real time estimation from limited measurements, and off line analysis of ....

K. S.Meier--Hellstern, P.E.Wirth, Y-L.Yan, and D.A.Hoeflin. "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application," Proceedings, ITC13, pp 167, Copenhagen 1991.

....gain is examined. I.Introduction Numerous investigations have focused on the statistical features that can be used to characterize burst arrivals. In ISDN packet traffic the probability density function (pdf) of the interarrival time decays asymptotically as t #a 1 , where a is between 0 and 1 [1]. The heavy tail suggests high variance in the arrival process. Clustered packet arrivals can have a significant impact on the performance of queueing systems. Consequently, methods for detecting and characterizing such events are needed. It has been shown recently that the bursts can be ....

K. S. Meier-Hellstern, P.E. Wirth, Y. Yan and D.A. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN data users: Office Automation Application", Teletraffic and data traffic, a period of change, Eds. A. Jensen and V. B. Iversen, Elsevier Science Publishers pp 167-72, 1991.

....heavy tailed distribution in packet traffic measurements already exists. The extreme variability in ISDN data cannot be adequately captured using traditional packet traffic models but, instead, seems to be best described with the 6 help of heavy tailed distributions(Zeta and Pareto distributions)[16]. In CCSN SS7, the call holding time distribution for calls originating during both high and light traffic periods is heavytailed [17] The distribution of bytes per FTPDATA burst is heavy tailed[4] and TELNET connection size in packets has a long tailed distribution[18] The aggregated traffic ....

Meier-Hellstern, Wirth, K P, Yan, Y-L and Hoeflin, D "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application," Proc. ITC-13 (1991), Copenhagen, pp. 167-172

.... behavior for the file sizes residing in file systems such as file servers (see the discussion and references in [37] ii) a Pareto like tail behavior for measured CPU time used by a typical Unix process (see [26] iii) measurements studies of an ISDN office automation application reported in [34] that suggests that human computer interactions occur over a wide range of time scales and thus, may require models based on infinite variance distributions, and in the case of more recent LAN measurements (iv) empirically observed infinite variance properties for the sizes of documents ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. E. Wirth, Y.-L. Yan, and D. A. Hoeflin. Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application. In A. Jensen and V. B. Iversen, editors, Teletraffic and Datatraffic in a Period of Change, Proc. of ITC13, Copenhagen, pp. 167--172, Amsterdam, 1991, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

....and operation of telephone networks. In contrast, traffic arrival processes in packet based networks are much more bursty and intermittent. A number of recent measurement studies from the full range of packet based networks and services (ISDN packet, Ethernet, SS7, VBR Video) 2] 4] 9] 11] 12][13] indicate that packet traffic is characterized by interarrival times that decay with heavy tails, by variances that decay as a fractional power of the sample size, by a power spectrum that is divergent near the origin, and by correlations that are long range dependent. A number of analytical and ....

....behavior e.g. those that decay exponentially. In contrast, Willinger [17] observes that in actual traffic these sojourn time distributions decay far more slowly, as power laws, such that the variance of the sojourn times is infinite. Analogous conclusions are made by Meier Hellstern et al. [13] in studies of individual ISDN data traffic sources. These statements are consistent with the observation that in self similar traffic, bursts occur over all durations, and there is no characteristic length or time scale for traffic bursts. Based on theoretical results [16] which suggest that ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. Wirth, Y-L. Yan and D. Hoeflin, "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application, " Proc. ITC-13, Copenhagen, 1991.

....(as implied by (3.1) 3. 3 Implications of self similarity in B ISDN networks Evidence to suggest that self similarity does occur in teletraffic scenarios exists for Ethernet LAN and WAN [33] 48] Common Channel Signalling Network (CCSN SS7) 18] Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) [49] and VBR video [50] Although counter claims to these results have been made, 17] in this section we wish to consider the implications of self similarity on network performance. If self similarity does exist in broadband teletraffic then [20] 33] 51] 55] show that it will have a major ....

K. Meier-Hellstern, P. E. Wirth, Y. L. Yan, and D. A. Hoeflin, "Traffic models for ISDN data users: Office automation application," in Proceedings of the 13th International Teletraffic Congress (A. Jensen and V. B. Iberson, eds.), pp. 167-- 172, 1991.

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K. M. Hellstern, P. Wirth, "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Application", In Proc. ITC-13, Denmark, 1991.

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Meier--Hellstern,K.S., Wirth, P.E., Yan,Y.L. and Hoeflin, D.A. (1991) Traffic models for ISDN data users: office automation application. In: Teletraffic and Datatraffic in a Period of Change. Proceedings of the 13th ITC, editors: A. Jensen and V.B. Iversen, 167--192, North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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K. Meier-Hellstren et al. "Traffic Models for ISDN Data Users: Office Automation Applications". International Teletraffic Congress13th, pages 167--172, Jun. 1991.

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