Harper, R., Hughes, J. and Shapiro, D. Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control. in ECSCW 1989. North-Holland, 73-86.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....changes of the individual elements of the structures. This does not mean that historical accounts of social changes, technology development and language change do not exist. They do. Studies have documented technological and social change processes in, for example, air traffic control (see e.g. Harper et al. 1991; Harper and Hughes, 1993; Harper et al. 1994) the London Underground subway system (Heath and Luff, 1996) medical work (Strauss et al. 1985) systems development (see e.g.Bdker and Grnbk, 1996; Carstensen, 1997; Badram, 1998) and the highly influential works on design by Suchman (1987) A ....

HARPER, R. R., J. A. HUGHES, AND D. Z. SHAPIRO (1991). Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer technology and air traffic control. In Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Theory, Practice and Design, ed. John M. Bowers and Steve D. Benford. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 225-234.

....In such cases computer based coordination support systems are often engaged as a means of reducing the degree of complexity involved in coordinating the complex cooperative work. There are many studies illustrating the rich and seamless nature of coordination performed by co located actors (e.g. Harper et al. 1991; Heath et al. 1993) All these studies show that the coordination of cooperative work can sometimes be achieved effectively and effortlessly simply by means of our everyday modes of interaction. Other studies have shown however, that oral interaction becomes increasingly labor intensive and ....

Harper, R. R., J. A. Hughes, and D. Z. Shapiro: "Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer technology and air traffic control," in J. M. Bowers and S. D. Benford (eds.): Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Theory, Practice and Design, North-Holland, Amsterdam etc., 1991, pp. 225-234.

....in Bordeaux, do not use strip holders but instead lay the strips on a stepped table located between the RADAR and planning controller. Figure 4 : Fight strips in a strip board at Athis Mons The importance of flight strips Many researchers have commented on the importance of the flight strip (Harper et al. 1991, Preux, 1994, Hopkin, 1993) Our own observations confirm that they are extremely flexible, taking advantage of both visual and tactile memory. Controllers often take strips in their hands as a reminder to do something. They slide them left or right to highlight different conditions, such as two ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J., & Shapiro, D. (1991) Harmonious working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control. In Studies in CSCW: Theory, Practice and Design. Bowers, J. & Bedford, S., Eds. North Holland: Amsterdam. pp. 225-235.

....of modern systems and the need to replace paper strips. An important group focuses on controller error and seek to change the existing work practices to increase safety. Sociologists, a different group of social scientists, are more interested in the social and historical context of the work. Harper et al. 1991) and Hughes et al. 1992) emphasize how the context of the work is essential for understanding both the controller s activities and the role of paper flight strips. For example, Bressolle et al. 1995) has demonstrated that when traffic levels increase, controllers speak to each other less often ....

....are often requested by pilots, but they are inherently more risky. Traffic routes cross each other and aircraft move in both directions; direct routes increase the likelihood of a collision. Observations about using strips Many researchers have emphasized the importance of paper flight strips (Harper et al. 1991, Preux, 1994, Hopkin, 1993) Our own observations support their conclusions: paper strips are extremely flexible, take advantage of both visual and tactile memory, and form an essential component of today s air traffic control system. They also offer many subtle and intangible safety benefits, ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J., & Shapiro, D. (1991) Harmonious working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control. In Studies in CSCW: Theory, Practice and Design. Bowers, J. & Bedford, S., Eds. North Holland: Amsterdam. pp. 225-235.

....direct relationship of requirements specification with respect to the design of specific systems, but by contributing to the conceptual foundation of CSCW. Most significantly, a series of studies such as the Lancaster study of air traffic control (e.g. Hughes et al. 1988; Harper et al. 1989; Harper et al. 1991; Harper and Hughes, 1993) and the study of the London Underground control room (Heath and Luff, 1992a; Heath and Luff, 1996) have made the CSCW community understand the delicate interplay of individual and cooperative activities and appreciate the crucial role of awareness in ensuring that ....

Harper, R. R., J. A. Hughes, and D. Z. Shapiro: `Harmonious working and CSCW: Computer technology and air traffic control,' in J. M. Bowers and S. D. Benford (eds.): Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Theory, Practice and Design, J. M. Bowers and S. D. Benford (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 225-234.

....as an analytical category. This work seems of particular relevance to designers of CSCW systems, where lack of attention to such matters as how the work is actually accomplished by members of the working community has lead at times to the development of systems that fail dramatically (see e.g. Harper, Hughes Shapiro, 1991). Ethnography is concerned with describing the activities and practices of people in a setting, though importantly, it is more than that and attempts to interpret and give meaning to those activities (Blomberg, et al., 1993) Hughes et al. 1992) characterise their study of air traffic ....

Harper, R., J. Hughes, & D. Shapiro, (1991). Harmonious working and CSCW: Computer technology and air traffic control. In J. Bowers & S. Benford (Eds.) Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Theory, Practice and Design. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

....standards and the end users of the technology will simply not admit that these practices go on. The potential value of ethnography in deriving computer system requirements was first identified in seminal work by Suchman (1983, 1987) Subsequently, further studies concerned with air traffic control (Harper et al. 1991), police database systems (Ackroyd et al. 1992) and underground railway control (Heath and Luff, 1991) have confirmed that an ethnographic study can give real insights into working processes which should be taken into account when deriving computer system requirements. Ethnography is distinct from ....

....we explain how we are investigating the integration of ethnography into requirements capture through the use of a software tool which supports both formal and informal information capture. Project overview and rationale Our work, which follows on from previous studies of air traffic control (Harper et al. 1991), is explicitly concerned with investigating how ethnographic analysis can be integrated with system prototyping to provide input for the requirements engineering process. Details of the prototyping system and the ethnographic studies are discussed in more detail elsewhere (Bentley et al. 1992; ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J. and Shapiro, D, 1991, `Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control', in J.M. Bowers and S.D. Benford (eds): Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Theory, Practice and Design, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

....In an ideal world one would have the time and resources to undertake work to determine these relative effects, but this is a luxury available to few issues and projects. The development of the MEAD multi user interface prototyping system was informed by a series of ethnographic studies of ATC [4, 14, 25]. These studies fed into the functionality provided to support rapid prototyping of novel ATC interfaces. Hence the evaluation of MEAD was intended to assess the extent to which the system supported the process of such prototyping, and the system s effectiveness was to be determined by the speed ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J. A. & Shapiro, D., Harmonious working and CSCW: computer technology and air traffic control, in Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Theory, Practice and Design, J. Bowers and S. Benford (eds), North Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 225-234.

....a focal point for cooperative work. Studies of the English en route air traffic controllers, Hughes et al. 1992) and Bentley et al. 1992) confirm the critical role of the flight strip and question the wisdom of replacing them with electronic imitations that reduce the level of cooperative work. Harper et al. 1991) concluded that it is the gestalt of the strips, rather than the absolute information they contain, that facilitates cooperation among team members and hand offs between shifts. 3 Our own research is based upon an ethnographic study in which we followed a team of controllers through their ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J., and Shapiro, D. (1991) Harmonious working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control. In Studies in CSCW: Theory, Practice and Design. Bowers, J. and Bedford, S., Eds. North Holland: Amsterdam. pp.

....development. The turn to ethnography is a response to the need for an adequate understanding of the nature of work to underpin the construction of interactive systems. In the context of system design, ethnographic studies have included photocopier use [13] office work [14] air traffic control [7], police work [1] and underground control rooms[8] However, ethnography though holding much promise is still relatively untried in system design. It has been, and still is, strong on its critique of other methods, such as Task Analysis [4] but it has yet to prove itself within the wider ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J.A. and Shapiro, D., Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control, in Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Theory, Practice and Design, ed. J. Bowers and S. Benford, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1991.

.... that one of the major causes of system failure is the mismatch between the functionalities of the system as conceived by designers and its contexts of use [5] Seminal work in this area has been carried out by Suchman [12] and by other investigators such as Hughes et al. 9] Harper et al. [6] and Heath and Luff [7] These ethnographic studies have involved a sociologist observing workers in their environment over a period of several months and hence gaining a deep understanding of the actual rather than the formal working practices. For example, Suchman has studied office systems, ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J. and Shapiro, D., 1991, `Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control', in J. M. Bowers and S. D. Benford (eds): Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Theory, Practice and Design, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

....is CSCW itself, to the need for an adequate analysis of the sociality of work and organisation to underpin large scale interactive system design. To date, and in the context of system design broadly conceived, such studies have included photocopier use [29] office work [31] air traffic control [14,13], police work [1] and Underground Control Rooms [16] However, ethnography though holding much promise is still a relatively untried method in system design. It has been, and still is, strong on its critique of other methods, such as Task Analysis [9] but it has yet to prove itself within the ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J.A. and Shapiro, D. (1991), Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control, in Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Theory, Practice and Design, ed. J. Bowers and S. Benford, Amsterdam, North-Holland.

....to ethnography is a response to the need for an adequate understanding of the nature of work to underpin large scale interactive system development. In the context of system design, ethnographic studies have included photocopier use (Suchman, 1983) office work (Suchman, 1984) air traffic control (Harper, 1991), police work (Ackroyd et al., 1992) and underground control rooms(Heath, 1992) However, ethnography though holding much promise is still an untried method in system design. It has been, and still is, strong on its critique of other methods, such as Task Analysis (Diaper, 1990) but it has yet to ....

Harper, R., Hughes, J.A. and Shapiro, D. (1991), Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control, in Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Theory, Practice and Design, ed. J. Bowers and S. Benford, Amsterdam, North-Holland.

No context found.

Harper, R., Hughes, J. and Shapiro, D. Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control. in ECSCW 1989. North-Holland, 73-86.

No context found.

Richard Harper, John Hughes and Dan Shapiro, "Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control", in Bowers and Benford (Eds.) "Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work", North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991.

No context found.

Harper, R., Hughes, J. and Shapiro, D., (1991), "Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control", in J.M. Bowers and S.D. Benford (eds): Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Theory, Practice and Design, NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1991.

No context found.

) Harper, R., Hughes, J. and Shapiro. Harmonious working and CSCW: computer technology and air traffic control. In Bowers, J. and Benford, S (Eds.), Studies in computer supported cooperative work. North Holland, Amsterdam (1991), pp 225-234. page 26

No context found.

Richard Harper, John Hughes and Dan Shapiro, "Harmonious Working and CSCW: Computer Technology and Air Traffic Control", in Bowers and Benford (Eds.) "Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work", North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991.

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