Grishman, Ralph and Richard Kittredge (1986). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....is bound by constraints on the knowledge to be derived rather than restrictions on the linguistic structures. The bottom up, or language driven strategy, has the advantage of covering a broad class of linguistic phenomena and processing even the more intricate details of a text. Many systems [Grishman and Kittredge, 1986] have depended on this strategy for processing messages in constrained domains. Other language driven programs [Hobbs, 1986] do not explicitly define a sublanguage but rely on a robust syntax and semantics to understand the constrained texts. These systems build upon existing grammars, which may ....

Raplh Grishman and Richard Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1986.

....but it has enormous impact on the readability of generated texts. Realisation Produces grammatically correct output text; it is the realiser s job to ensure that the (often quirky) rules of English grammar are obeyed. Realisers must also ensure that genre and sublanguage constraints are obeyed [5]. Realisation is mostly based on linguistic knowledge. 2.2 SumTime The goal of the SUMTIME project is to develop generic techniques for summarizing time series data. For more information about SUMTIME, see http: www.csd.abdn.ac.uk research sumtime. SUMTIME is working in three different ....

Grishman R, Kittredge R (Eds). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986.

....and easy to implement. However, we argue that syntactic and semantic informatiou must be considered in a success fid WI system. 2 A Sublanguage Approach The concept of sublanguages (i.e. languages in restricted domains) has been considered very important in natural language processing [6, 7]. A sublanguage usually has its own special syntax, semantics, and style, which are more restricted comparing with the language as a whole. In this paper, we will show how the study of a sublanguage can help identifying uames aud forming them in a dynamic, adaptive way. 2.1 Observation From the ....

R. Grishman and R. Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Descrlption and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum Assodates, Hillsdale, N J, 1986.

....in the language (Harris 1991) Sublanguages have been studied extensively for applications such as information retrieval (more precisely, information extraction) and machine translation. 3 3 For general overviews of sublanguage, cf. the collections Kittredge and Lehrberger (1982) and Grishman and Kittredge (1986). A limitation of the use of the term sublanguage to languages used in restricted subject matter domains, although not strictly necessary according to the original definition of sublanguage by Harris, has been a central assumption in work in information extraction at New York University. In these ....

Grishman, R. and Kittredge, R. 1986. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

.... processing descriptive domains remain inaccessible to mainstream clinical information systems is the complexity of the technology necessary to understand the medical language [7] The language used to convey the information expressed in these descriptive domains can be thought as a sublanguage [8]. An essential step toward capturing the information from descriptive domains is the development of representational models that formalize the semantics of their sublanguages, also called semantic data models (SDMs) 9] An SDM makes explicit the relationships between the different classes of ....

Grishman R, Kittredge R, eds. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1986.

....has been obtained by focusing on small, practical problems within science, technology, business, and medicine. These systems are successful because they exploit properties of a linguistic phenomenon known as sublanguage, which arises when language is employed in a restricted semantic domain [3, 4]. While much has been written about sublanguage, this paper reviews the properties of sublanguage from a formal perspective. Previous work on sublanguage and several natural language processing systems are surveyed as a basis for this description. Many of the semantic properties of sublanguage ....

....problem. The resulting formalism is capable of describing both syntactic and semantic phenomena in medical language, and various examples are provided to illustrate its use. Background Sublanguage Sublanguage, and medical sublanguage in particular, has been the subject of study for many decades [3 4, 10]. There are also a number of functioning computer applications which employ the sublanguage approach. That sublanguage exists, can be formalized, and processed by computer is now well established. However, there is considerable diversity in the representations and approaches used. The interest of ....

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Grishman R, Kittredge R (eds). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum Associates, 1986.

....potentially confusing syntactic constructs, such as gerunds or complex tenses. ffl Imposes general stylistic guidelines, such as requesting that sentences be kept under 20 words if possible. From a linguistic perspective, writing standards can be thought of as imposing a fixed sublanguage [ Grishman and Kittredge, 1986 ] on the technical author, that has been designed by experts to be appropriate for the domain. Content standards, such as the UK Army Equipment Support Publication rules, specify what information must be included in various documents (eg, required maintenance procedures and safety information) ....

Ralph Grishman and Richard Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

....[42, 40] Probabilities are involved at different steps of sentence analysis; the tagging process, the syntactic analysis and word sense disambiguation. On the other hand, it is possible to work with a sublanguage where the number of words is limited and the sentence structures are more restricted [68]. Investigating a smaller set of words allows researchers to go deeper in their analysis and understanding of the meaning of words. In this research, we take an approach of the second type as our interest is in representing the meaning of words. We are addressing the following problem: How ....

R. Grishman and R. Kittredge. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Elbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1986.

....experts have difficulty in interpreting complex text notations. 3.1.2 Sublanguage Analysis Our approach, like those of the other projects mentioned above, is based on sublanguage analysis techniques, which focus on developing special purpose linguistic models of a particular domain of discourse. [Grishman 1986]. This results in some helpful restrictions on the range of the linguistic data that needs to be accounted for in a sublanguage analyzer. At the lexical level, the sublanguage eliminates large parts of the total vocabulary of a language because the number of senses for each word that are actually ....

Grishman, R. and R. Kittredge (1986). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. In ed. 246. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....and class diagrams for object oriented systems. We believe that sublanguage effects are also probably important in data graphics such as bar charts and scatter plots, but we have not (to date) investigated this. 2 Sublanguages in Natural Language Generation The concept of sublanguages [GK86] is central to CoGenTex s approach to natural language generation [KGKP94] its importance has also been acknowledged by other people building applied NLG systems (eg, MKS94] We strongly believe that practical language generation systems need to produce output texts that obey numerous ....

Ralph Grishman and Richard Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

....for both the literal and figurative usage. 6.1. Sublanguage Corpora Since the Hansard corpus consists of the Canadian Parliamentary proceedings, it contains a number of juridical and parliamentary terms, usages, and structures. This is typical both of sublanguages holding for a limited domain (Grishman and Kittredge, 1986), and of genres specific to contextual situations. The Hansards could be considered a sublanguage since it has the definite sublanguage characteristics of containing a specialized lexicon and of exhibiting particular syntactic 28 J. KLAVANS AND E. TZOUKERMANN Table 9. Figurative Uses of ....

Grishman, Ralph and Richard Kittredge, editors. 1986. Analyzing language in restricted domains: Sublanguage description and processing. Lawrence Erlbaum.

....we can gain some guidance from linguistic studies of these issues . in particular, the studies of sublanguage and of sublanguage information structures. 2. Sublanguage A sublanguage is the specialized form of a natural language which is used within a particular domain or subject matter [Grishman and Kittredge 1986]. Examples of sublanguages are the languages of weather reports, aircraft repair manuals, scientific articles about pharmacology, hospital radiology reports, and real estate advertisements. A sublanguage is characterized by a specialized vocabulary, semantic relationships, and in many cases ....

....an entire domain. The patterns retrieved will then not be expected to cover a single event type, but rather a range of events the most common event types for the domain. This would be similar to earlier experiments aimed at gathering sublanguage kernel patterns automatically from parsed text [Grishman et al. 1986, Sager 1986] 3.2. Building information structures In the manual analyses of sublanguage information structures, in order to minimize the number of different patterns, syntactic regularization was applied as much as possible to combine patterns. This included simple things like reducing all ....

Ralph Grishman and Richard Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1986.

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Grishman, Ralph and Richard Kittredge (1986). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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) Grishman, R. and R. Kittredge (eds.), Analyzing Language in Restricted Domain: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J., 1986.

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R. Grishman and R. Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1986.

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R. Grishman and R. Kittredge, editors. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1986.

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) Grishman, R. and R. Kittredge (eds.), Analyzing Language in Restricted Domain: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J., 1986.

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Ralph Grishman and Richard Kittredge: "Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing." Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers (1986)

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Grishman, Ralph & Richard Kittredge, eds. (1986). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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Grishman, R. and R. Kittredge (eds.) (1986). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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Grishman, R. and R. Kittredge (eds.) (1986). Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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