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Post, Stephen; Sage, Andrew (1990). An Overview of Automated Reasoning. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics ; 20(1). January/February 1990, 202-224.

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Intelligent Agency and Tutoring: The Importance of Being Timely - Espinosa, Ramos   (Correct)

....states that . the ability to capture more data than just the learner s response is crucial to the cognitive model. Cooper, 1993) On current ITS s, detailed cognitive information retrieval typically is not an issue, and ISD is forced to act upon a series of Closed World Assumptions, or CWA s (Post, 1990, Nuez Corts, 1989) about the student and her world during most of her time. CWA has been proposed as an Artificial Intelligence approach to the formalization of Non Monotonic Reasoning. From an educational standpoint, the CWA stems from the existence of a curricular database ( D ) Such a ....

Post, Stephen; Sage, Andrew (1990). An Overview of Automated Reasoning. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics ; 20(1). January/February 1990, 202-224.


Dealing With Temporal Holes in Instructional ITS's - Carrillo, Quintana (1998)   (Correct)

....modules, with no formal specification of times in the student s Cognitive process other than those specified by [predefined] edges connecting causal states. On current ITS s, therefore, time typically is not an issue, and ISD is forced to act upon a series of Closed World Assumptions, or CWA s (Post, 1990) about the student and his her world in most of his her time. These assumptions cause conflicts when the instructor predicts that today s student s learning status will remain unchanged at a later time. The Qualification Problem (QP) in Artificial Intelligence terms, occurs when unpredictable ....

....unpredictable events alter the predefined path of learning events. Since all students performance differ at one point or another, and current academic logistics tend to handle students in high volumes (Press, 1994) making sound predictions about the future with limited information about the past (Post, 1990), in a per student fashion, becomes a commonly ignored issue. We infer, as a result, that the well documented problem of student lack of adaptation to the instructor s teaching methods, or beliefs, Benyon Murray, 1993) is partly a result of timespace limitations on ISD methods and procedures. ....

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Post, Stephen; Sage, Andrew (1990). An Overview of Automated Reasoning. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics ; 20(1).


A Model For Belief Revision In A Multi-Agent Environment - Dragoni (1991)   (3 citations)  (Correct)

.... where Th(K) denotes all the sentences derivable by a complete first order theorem prover from K) There are two kinds of sentences: those actually introduced as assumptions and those actually deductively derived as logical consequences of the assumptions (respectively evidences and conclusions in [Post 90] We need an Assumption Based Truth Maintenance System [De Kleer 86] and we adopt the following modified version of the Supported Wff of Martins and Shapiro [Mar Shap 86] the rationalities for the multi agent topic are in part two) SW= A,OSO,OS 1 , OS n ,OS E ,RS where A is an F.O.L ....

: Stephen Post and Andrew P. Sage, An Overview of Automated Reasoning, IEEE Transaction of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol 20 n°1, 1990.

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