K. Chandra and A. R. Reibman, "Modeling one-- and two--layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999. 3  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....are prerecorded audio and video objects, such as CD quality music clips, short video clips (e.g. news clips, trailers or music videos) or full length movies or on line lectures. Our focus in this study is on video objects that have been encoded using layered (hierarchical) encoding techniques [7], 8] 9] 10] With hierarchical encoding each video object is encoded into a base layer and one or more enhancement layers. The base layer contains the most essential basic quality information. The enhancement layers provide quality enhancements. A particular enhancement layer can only be ....

....prerecorded. These smoothing techniques can (1) significantly reduce the traffic variability of open loop encodings, or (2) further smooth the traffic of closed loop encodings. It is also expected that for layered encoding, rate control will typically be employed for most (if not all) layers [7]. Thus, the encoding layers distributed through caches are expected to have typically a constant bitrate or a variable bitrate with small variations. Nevertheless, we outline how to accommodate constant bit rate (CBR) video traffic, variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic with small to ....

K. Chandra and A. R. Reibman, "Modeling one-- and two--layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999.

....(also known as hierarchical encoding) can also be used to create multiple quality levels. The storage requirements at a server for maintaining multiple layers is typically much less than maintaining the same number of versions. However, creating video layers generates additional bandwidth overhead [3, 4]. In particular, for the same quality level, layered encoding typically requires more transmission bandwidth than does a video version. Given the presence of a caching and or content distribution network infrastructure, and the need for multiple video quality levels, in this paper we compare ....

....enhancement layer combined is the same as the high quality version. However, due to encoding overhead to create layers, we do not assume that the layers and versions have the same rates. Instead, we make the following three natural Rate Assumptions which are based on video encoding experiments [3, 4]: 1. Due to the overhead of layered encoding, the base layer has at least the same rate as the low quality version, i.e. is the low quality coding overhead. 2. Again due to the overhead of layered encoding, the base and enhancement ....

K. Chandra and A. Reibman, "Modeling one- and two-layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999.

....disadvantage is low bandwidth utilization. To improve the bandwidth utilization, video transmission over ATM VBR service is widely studied. The issues include iraf tic shaping and rate control [10,11] bandwidth allocation management [ 12,13] congestion control [ 14] source model and behavior [15 18]. In [19] improving quality of transmitted video by using Usage Parameter Control (UPC) was studied. However, VBR does not provide feedback mechanism for bandwidth renegotiations after COlmection setup. In [20 22] authors proposed renegotiations VBR (RVBR) However, since renegotiations are ....

K. Chandra and A.R. Reibman, Modeling one and two layer variable bit rate video, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 7(3) (1999), 398--413.

....repeats itself throughout the video sequence and hence we call this model the Fixed GOP Model. Each GOP is viewed as belonging to one of three activity levels, high activity, medium activity and low activity, where activity corresponds to the average bit rate during the GOP. Chandra and Reibman [8] model I and P frames explicitly and allow for a variable GOP structure. However, their model requires a large number of parameters and they do not allow for any temporal correlation or different activity levels for I frames. In this paper we introduce several models that are flexible enough to ....

K. Chandra and A. Reibman, "Modeling One- And Two-Layer Variable Bit Rate Video," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398-413.

....the bit rate during scene changes and temporal correlation between successive frame rates during a scene. These features cause the video traffic to exhibit high peak to average bitrate ratios. The statistical multiplexing of VBR video has been shown to produce an efficient use of channel bandwidth [1] relative to constant bit rate transmission. For wireless fading channels, the multiplexing efficiency may be advantageous since it allows the channel bandwidth to be shared by either forward error control signals or training signals required for channel equalization. In this work, the performance ....

....to a P frame. This diagonally dominant structure signifies that VBR video is characterized by strong short term correlations. The parameters for this Markov chain are obtained empirically by analysis of a MPEG 2 stream from the Blues Proc. of GLOBECOM 99, p2642 2647, December 1999 Brothers movie [1]. This data is modeled with I = 17 states. 3. Multiplexing Video and Training Symbols As new wireless standards push the limit on channel capacity to support high bit rate services, flat fading channels will be transformed to frequency selective channels, causing a marked increase in ....

K. Chandra and A.R. Reibman, "Modeling One- and Two-Layer Variable Bit Rate Video," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, 7 , (3), p398-413, June 1999.

....number of P frames between adjacent I frames. We do not encode using B frames. Data is collected by keeping both the base and enhancement quantizer step sizes constant throughout the fifteen minute sequence. 3. STATISTICAL MODEL FOR VBR VIDEO 3. 1 Modeling One Layer Video In previous work [20] we have shown that a discrete finite state Markov chain is a suitable model for VBR video, whether generated from a one layer encoder, or from the enhancement layer of a two layer encoder. Here we provide a brief review. The VBR video is characterized by the number of bits per video frame r(n) ....

.... r(n) r(n 1) Then, each individual cluster or state is represented by rate parameters using the mean value and the variance of the video frame rates that captures the extent of the cluster. The transitions of the video between states is captured by a K 1 state Markov chain. It is shown in [20] that the choice of appropriate number of clusters is governed by the eigenvalue spectrum of the Markov transition probability matrix. The number of states is increased until the dominant eigenvalues that characterize the video traffic are captured. An additional feature of video traffic is in the ....

K. Chandra and A.R. Reibman, "Modeling one- and two-layer variable bit rate video," submitted, J.Sel.Areas. Comm., March 1996.

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K. Chandra and A. R. Reibman, "Modeling one-- and two--layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999. 3

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K. Chandra and A. R. Reibman, "Modeling one-- and two--layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999. 3

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K. Chandra and A. Reibman, "Modeling One- And Two-Layer Variable Bit Rate Video," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398-413. 109

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K. Chandra and A. Reibman, "Modeling one- and two-layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999. 12

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K. Chandra and A. R. Reibman, "Modeling one-- and two--layer variable bit rate video," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398--413, June 1999.

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