Guha, R. V., & Lenat, D. B. 1990. CYC A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3), 32--59.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....is also the most complete statement of Brooks guiding philosophy, and today stands as the overall best introduction to the principles and motivations of the new AI. Sist(x, y) means x is true in theory y: in this case y=NTP, the Naive Theory of Physics, one the many microtheories employed in Cyc [48]. As we have seen, traditional AI is characterized by an understanding of intelligence which foregrounds the notions of thought and reason, and adopts certain conventions for approaching these which centrally involve the creation of representations, and the deployment of high level cognitive ....

R. V. Guha and Douglas B. Lenat. Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):33-59, 1990.

....as class descriptors. They then attempt to classify documents in terms of how well they satisfy a query. Again the rules derived and used for classification don t have a strong intensional component. On the intensional side are the attempts to describe knowledge using ontologies. The Cyc project [10, 11], for example, describes small pieces of knowledge using a frame logic. The rules defined in Cyc are independent of documents. Information retrieval by its very nature must incorporate both intensional and extensional information. When a user has an information need, most commonly it is ....

R. Guha, D. B. Lenat, K. Pittman, D. Pratt, and M. Shepherd, "Cyc: a midterm report," Communications of the ACM, vol. 33, August 1990.

....as class descriptors. They then attempt to classify documents in terms of how well they satisfy a query. Again the rules derived and used for classification don t have a strong intensional component. On the intensional side are the attempts to describe knowledge using ontologies. The Cyc project [10, 11], for example, describes small pieces of knowledge using a frame logic. The rules defined in Cyc are independent of documents. Information retrieval by its very nature must incorporate both intensional and extensional information. When a user has an information need, most commonly it is ....

R. Guha and D. Lenat, "Cyc: a midterm report," A.I. Magazine, Fall 1990.

....10 Resource limitations 51 11 Conclusions and Future Work 53 1 Introduction Artificial intelligence research falls roughly into two categories: formal and implementational. This division is not completely firm: there are implementational studies based on (formal or informal) theories (e.g. CYC [ Lenat and Guha, 1990, Lenat et al. 1990, Guha and Lenat, 1990 ] SOAR [ Laird et al. 1987, Rosenbloom et al. 1991 ] OSCAR [ Pollock, 1989, Pollock, 1992 ] and there are theories framed with an eye toward implementability (e.g. predicate circumscription [ McCarthy, 1980 ] Nevertheless, formal theoretical ....

....51 11 Conclusions and Future Work 53 1 Introduction Artificial intelligence research falls roughly into two categories: formal and implementational. This division is not completely firm: there are implementational studies based on (formal or informal) theories (e.g. CYC [ Lenat and Guha, 1990, Lenat et al. 1990, Guha and Lenat, 1990 ] SOAR [ Laird et al. 1987, Rosenbloom et al. 1991 ] OSCAR [ Pollock, 1989, Pollock, 1992 ] and there are theories framed with an eye toward implementability (e.g. predicate circumscription [ McCarthy, 1980 ] Nevertheless, formal theoretical work tends to focus ....

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D. Lenat and R. V. Guha. Cyc: a midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):32--59, 1990.

....limitations 51 11 Conclusions and Future Work 53 1 Introduction Artificial intelligence research falls roughly into two categories: formal and implementational. This division is not completely firm: there are implementational studies based on (formal or informal) theories (e.g. CYC [ Lenat and Guha, 1990, Lenat et al. 1990, Guha and Lenat, 1990 ] SOAR [ Laird et al. 1987, Rosenbloom et al. 1991 ] OSCAR [ Pollock, 1989, Pollock, 1992 ] and there are theories framed with an eye toward implementability (e.g. predicate circumscription [ McCarthy, 1980 ] Nevertheless, formal theoretical work tends to focus ....

....and Future Work 53 1 Introduction Artificial intelligence research falls roughly into two categories: formal and implementational. This division is not completely firm: there are implementational studies based on (formal or informal) theories (e.g. CYC [ Lenat and Guha, 1990, Lenat et al. 1990, Guha and Lenat, 1990 ] SOAR [ Laird et al. 1987, Rosenbloom et al. 1991 ] OSCAR [ Pollock, 1989, Pollock, 1992 ] and there are theories framed with an eye toward implementability (e.g. predicate circumscription [ McCarthy, 1980 ] Nevertheless, formal theoretical work tends to focus on very narrow problems ....

R. Guha and D. Lenat. Cyc: a midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):32--59, 1990.

.... by assuming the truth of a fabricated second order statement which behaves well if the proof is later contradicted by new information [McCarthy] Another approach to enabling commonsense reasoning has been to greatly extend the knowledge base, the most highly publicised being the Cyc project [Lenat]. Search has been recognised as an essential part of intelligence since the early days of AI [Newell] with many search algorithms developed that use heuristics to greatly improve performance over brute force search algorithms. Our work addresses a different aspect of commonsense reasoning, which ....

R. Guha and D. B. Lenat, "CYC: a midterm report", AI Magazine, Fall (1990) 33-59.

....system support of additional business processes in the future. Many eflbrts explicitly specify ontology development principles, as opposed to a methodology. Some support applications like natural language processing (e.g. gKosmos [Mahesh and Nirenburg 1995] and commonsense reasoning (e.g. Cyc [Guha et al. 1990]) They also emphasise designing ontology content to support the application. Some like Sensus [Swartout et al. 1997] and work of Guarino et al. Guarino, Carrara, and Giaretta 1994] state how representations can be defined and constrained to reduce interpretation ambiguity for ontology sharing. ....

Guha, R. V., Lenat, D. B., Pittman, K., Pratt, D., and Shepherd, M. "Cyc: A Midterm Report", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 33, no. 8, August 1990.

....also addresses the connection problem. 2.2.2 Agent Communication At least two major efforts are currently under way which both assume knowledge sharing to be the key to successful agent communication and cooperation. The first effort addressing the agent communication problem is the Cyc project [Guha and Lenat, 1990, Guha and Lenat, 1994, Lenat, 1995] The basic idea here is that agents need to have a large amount of commonsense knowledge before they can intelligently work together. Since the Cyc researchers believe that commonsense knowledge can not be learned automatically without having a large body of it ....

R. V. Guha and Douglas B. Lenat. Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):32--59, Fall 1990.

.... Indeed, the central thesis of the Cyc project is that the inability of computational systems to effectively interact with humans (whether it be in direct communication or by reading encyclopedia articles) is that the computational systems lack the basic common knowledge that we as humans possess [Guha and Lenat, 1990]. Common knowledge models knowledge that each member of the group possesses and not the knowledge that an individual or subgroup possesses. Halpern and Moses point out a problem of a group learning common knowledge: how does an individual A i know whether another individual A j has learned that ....

R. V. Guha and Douglas B. Lenat. Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):33--59, Fall 1990. 54

.... Indeed, the central thesis of the Cyc project is that the inability of computational systems to effectively interact with humans (whether it be in direct communication or by reading encyclopedia articles) is that the computational systems lack the basic common knowledge that we as humans possess [Guha and Lenat, 1990]; thus the goal of the Cyc project is to encode the common knowledge of a four year old human into a computational system. Our goal is to model common knowledge in a computational agent society and hence we restrict collective memory to be just common knowledge and not ancestral knowledge. ....

R. V. Guha and Douglas B. Lenat. Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):33--59, Fall 1990.

....rule system. RML also contains an integrated constraint language that enables specification and efficient checking of arbitrary first order constraints involving slot values and instances in the knowledge base. The RML representation language is based on CYCL, the language used in the CYC project (Guha Lenat, 1990). 6 The guided tour revisited Having described SIGMA s equation representation language and the structure and contents of SIGMA s knowledge base, we are now in a position to revisit the SIGMA guided tour presented in Section 3. Our focus this time will be on understanding how SIGMA s underlying ....

R. V. Guha, and D. B. Lenat (1990, Cyc: A Mid-Term Report. AI Magazine, p. 32-59.

.... knowledge about boys (How much can they carry ) stairs (What is their size, shape, and structure ) pianos (What is their shape and weight ) Let us assume that all this information may once be formally represented in some common sense knowledge base, perhaps of the kind advocated in Guha and Lenat 1990. This knowledge would have to be used in inference, along the following lines (see e.g. Buvac 1996) where cs represents the knowledge presumably shared by all competent speakers of the language. A grammatically possible interpretation is an interpretation that is logically well formed. 1 as ....

Guha, R.V. and Lenat,D.B. (1990), `Cyc: A Midterm Report', AI Magazine 11(3):32-59.

....to build a global data structure that helps automate the schema comparison process. Bright and Hurson report on some results obtained from this approach in [Bright90] Collet, Huhns, and Shen [Collet91] have proposed a method for integrating heterogeneous information systems, which uses the Cyc [Guha90] knowledge base as a global schema to resolve inconsistencies. 3 Conceptual Schemas An essential step in the development of an information system is to construct a conceptual model of a UoD. The conceptual model is to provide an abstract, implementation independent description of the UoD ....

R. Guha and D. Lenat, "CYC: A Midterm Report", AI Magazine, Fall 1990

....web site www formal.stanford.edu leora cs for problems that some researchers in the formal reasoning community view as illustrative of these commonsense content areas and issues. The egg cracking example that follows in the text is included there. 5. It should be noted here that Lenats CYC project (Guha and Lenat 1990; Lenat and Guha 1990) by its very conception, takes issue with these claims. of 43 6. Belief revision does not only have an explanatory role in terms of accounting for the unexpected, but the adoption of one belief set over another to remove an inconsistency has implications for future actions ....

....for problems that some researchers in the formal reasoning community view as illustrative of these commonsense content areas and issues. The egg cracking example that follows in the text is included there. 5. It should be noted here that Lenats CYC project (Guha and Lenat 1990; Lenat and Guha 1990), by its very conception, takes issue with these claims. of 43 6. Belief revision does not only have an explanatory role in terms of accounting for the unexpected, but the adoption of one belief set over another to remove an inconsistency has implications for future actions and planning. Suppose ....

Guha, R. V. and D. Lenat (1990). CYC: A Midterm Report. AI Magazine 11: 32-59.

....initial budget of US 50 million. The goal is to build a knowledge base containing a significant percentage of the commonsense knowledge (or consensus reality ) of a 20th century Westerner. Lenat and Guha describe CYC as mankind s first foray into large scale ontological engineering (Lenat and Guha 1990: 23) In designing CYC Lenat and Guha have attempted to solve traditional philosophical problems in ontology, epistemology, and logic. Will the project succeed Lenat and Guha give it nothing better than a fifty to sixty percent chance of success (Lenat and Guha 1990: 21) although given that the ....

....engineering (Lenat and Guha 1990: 23) In designing CYC Lenat and Guha have attempted to solve traditional philosophical problems in ontology, epistemology, and logic. Will the project succeed Lenat and Guha give it nothing better than a fifty to sixty percent chance of success (Lenat and Guha 1990: 21) although given that the postulate on which the project rests that a physically instantiated Turing machine can be organised so as to exhibit general intelligent action is a complete unknown, there is little reason to take any figure seriously. If the project fails this may, as Guha and ....

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Guha, R.V., Lenat, D.B. 1990. 'CYC: A Mid-Term Report'. AI Magazine, Fall, pp.32-59.

....is a common set of abstractions that many related knowledge bases have in common is, of course, hardly original to the Protg team. Unfortunately, it is such an obvious observation that it immediately leads into theoretical difficulties. On the one hand, partisans of large knowledge bases (such as (Guha and Lenat, 1990), Lenat, 1995) make a convincing argument that large knowledge bases are essential for truly flexible and robust applications. On the other hand, many seemingly insurmountable difficulties stand in the way of creating such generic knowledge (the objections range from situated cognition style ....

Guha, R. V. and Lenat, D. B. (1990). Cyc: A Midterm Report. AI Magazine (Fall 1990).

....that which has been arti cially created today [28, 26, 13] a vast number of representational units spanning many levels of resolution and abstraction will be needed. While some researchers have advocated undertaking the great e ort needed to make these and other necessary choices by hand[10, 12], it seems evident that machine learning must play a useful role here, and may in fact hold the best promise for scaling up from raw, low level data to higher level concepts. This vague notion of a continuum from low level to high level representations con ates two correlated but distinct types ....

R. V. Guha and D. B. Lenat. Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):32-59, 1990.

....each budget object that it is told to display. But there is only one budget object in the whole database, whose attributes change with time and scenario. In situations like this it is easier to reason about reified states of objects. On an as needed basis, we would create temporal subabstraction [13] objects like Q3 budget 4 scenario. These objects would have fixed profit values in all contexts. Many such objects could then be displayed simultaneously in the plot chart. Any applicable database update to the budget object would be reflected in the temporal subabstraction. Updates to the ....

Guha, R.V. and D.B. Lenat, Cyc: A Mid-Term Report. AI Magazine, 1990. 11(3): p. 32-59. http://www.cyc.com/tech-reports/act-cyc-134-90/act-cyc-134-90.html.

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Guha, R. V., & Lenat, D. B. 1990. CYC A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3), 32--59.

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Guha, R.V. and D.B. Lenat, Cyc: A Mid-term report. AI Magazine, 1990. 11(3).

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Guha, R.V. and D.B. Lenat, Cyc: A Mid-term report. AI Magazine, 1990. 11(3).

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R.V. Guha and D.B Lenat. Cyc: a midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3):32--59, 1990.

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R. V. Guha and D. B. Lenat. CYC: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11:32--59, 1990.

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GUHA, R. V., AND LENAT, D. B. CYC: a mid-term report. AI Magazine 11, 3 (1990), 32--59.

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Lenat, D. B. and Guha, R. (1990). "CYC: a midterm report", AI Magazine, Fall, 3359.

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