Citations: Data Encryption Standard (ResearchIndex)

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FIPS 46, "Data Encryption Standard," US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,

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Non-Self-Testable Faults In Duplex Systems - Subhasish Mitra Nirmal (Correct)

....a testing phase For applying the idea of test points to ACS, each application can be preceded by a testing phase. Recent results show large speedups for different applications using ACS. For example, at Stanford Center for Reliable Computing, an ACS implementation of the DES encryption algorithm [FIPS 77] shows more than a factor of 20 speed up over the best software implementation. Hence, it is expected that the use of a testing phase as a header for each application will not adversely affect the system performance. A high level block diagram for an application preceded by a testing phase is ....

FIPS PUB 46, "Data Encryption Standard," FIPS Publication, US Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, National tech, Info. Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1977.

Security Extension for UNI and NNI i - Working Group Oamp (Correct)

....is a major concern. Support for multiple algorithms increases the complexity and expense of hardware design, so one of the goals is to specify a minimal set of sufficiently efficient confidentiality and authentication algorithms. 3.8. 1 Confidentiality Transforms The DES algorithm is specified in [FIPS46 3]; implementation guidelines are found in [FIPS74] and security issues are discussed in [DESDIFF] DESINT] and [DESCRACK] The IPsec transform for DES is defined in [RFC2405] and the IPsec transform for 3DES in CBC mode is specified in [RFC2451] For confidentiality, the ESP ....

....the ESP mandatory to implement algorithm (DES) is unacceptable. As noted in [DESCRACK] DES is vulnerable against modest computational resources and so is inappropriate for use in situations where the issue of confidentiality arises at all. Therefore, to add confidentiality, ESP with 3DES [FIPS46 3] in CBC mode [RFC2451] MUST be supported. DES in CBC mode SHOULD NOT be used. The following transforms MUST NOT be used: ESP DES IV64, ESP DES IV32, and 3IDEA. Software implementations of 3DES make excessive computational demands at speeds of 100 Mbps or greater. In addition, 3DES implementations ....

Data encryption standard (DES), NIST FIPS Pub. 46-3, October 25, 1999.

Cryptanalysis of the CFB mode of the DES with a.. - Preneel, Nuttin.. (1993) (4 citations) (Correct)

....improve the performance. Moreover, it is shown that the final permutation has some cryptographic significance in the CFB mode. 1 Introduction The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was developed in the seventies at IBM (together with NSA) and was published by the National Bureau of Standards in 1977 [8]. Its intended application was sensitive but unclassified data. In spite of the initial controversy, it became the most widespread cryptographic algorithm. Four modes of use of the DES have been specified in national and international standards [9, 11] Electronic Code Book (ECB) Cipher Block ....

FIPS 46, "Data Encryption Standard," Federal Information Processing Standard, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington'.D.C., January 1977.

Discretionary Information Flow Control (MU) - Lange, Nonnengart, al. (2002) (Correct)

....FMT MSA.2 Secure security attributes FCS COP.1B Cryptographic operation Hierarchical to: No other components. FCS COP.1B. 1 The IT environment shall perform encryption and decryption of UserData Triple DES in CBC Mode and cryptographic key sizes of 128 Bit (effectively 112 bit) FIPS 46 3] FIPS 81] ISO IEC 10116] X9.52] or FCS CKM.1 Cryptographic key generation] FCS CKM.4 Cryptographic key destruction FMT MSA.2 Secure security attributes Version: 2.01 Discretionary Information Flow Control (MU) BSI PP 0008 FCS COP.1C Cryptographic operation Hierarchical to: No other ....

FIPS Publication 46-3. Data Encryption Standard (DES). October 25, 1999.

An Analysis of RMAC - Lloyd (2002) (Correct)

....with 2 e ort, but a brute force attack on K 2 is actually harder than it seems, because at no point do we have a plaintext ciphertext pair to base such an attack on. 3. 3 Interactions between RMAC and DES NIST s RMAC draft speci cation recommends RMAC be used with either AES [3] or DES [1] in EDE mode with 2 or 3 keys. Recall that some of the bits of a DES key do not have any e ect on the cryptographic operation of the cipher, so when using RMAC with DES, 8 bits of R have absolutely no e ect on the output. Thus, even if the users of RMAC are conscientious about ensure that R is ....

FIPS Publication 46-2, \Data Encryption Standard (DES)", U.S. DoC/NIST, October 25, 1999

Symmetric Key Authentication Using Verification in Public - Hoepman (2001) (Correct)

....mechanisms [KK99] For more information we refer to Dreifus and Monk [DM98] for the technical perspective and Allen and Bart [AB97] for the business perspective on smart cards. For reasons of cost and transaction speed, most operational smart card systems use symmetric key cryptography (e.g. DES [FIP77] or triple DES) to protect the integrity and confidentiality of commands and data. This means that both the smart card and the smart card reader (a.k.a. the terminal) must store secret key material. On the terminal, a special smart card called the Secure Application Module (SAM) is used as secure ....

FIPS 46. Data encryption standard. Tech. Rep. NBS FIPS PUB 46, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977.

MARS - a candidate cipher for AES - Burwick, Coppersmith, D'Avignon.. (1999) (54 citations) (Correct)

....digital content. It is also used to protect the integrity of banking and point ofsale transactions, in key distribution protocols (such as Kerberos) and many other applications. The current standard for shared key encryption is the DES cipher, which was developed by IBM in the early 70 s [4]. Although DES has provided a secure encryption algorithm for the past 25 years, its block length and key length limitations combined with the advances in computing technology necessitate the design of a new cipher for use in the next 25 years. In this document we describe a design for a new ....

FIPS 46, "Data encryption standard", Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 46, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1977.

Equivalent Keys of - Carl Halluin Gert (Correct)

....of the table are set equal to the first 30. We discuss these steps in more detail below. 2. 1 Filling the KX table with Pseudo random Values The first entries of the KX table are initialized using three mathematical constants (with sc denoting the sub cipher number) KX[0] PI19 sc (1) KX[1] = E19 the key length (2) KX[2] R220 rotated left over sc bits (3) where PI19 = 3141592653589793238 d , E19 = 2718281828459045235 d , R220 = 14142135623730950488 d , sc = 3, and the key length is 128, 192, or 256. Now the remaining 253 words of the table are pseudo randomly filled with the ....

....into the KX table The user key is XORed into the first entries of the KX table. If the user key K has 128 bits, we have K = K H k K L with K H the most significant 64 bits of K, and K L the least significant 64 bits of K, and k the concatenation symbol. We have (using C notation) KX[0] K L KX[1] = K H : If the length of the user key is 192 bits or 256 bits, then we have to XOR the appropriate part of the key to KX[2] and KX[3] as well. 2.3 Stirring Function The whole KX table is made key dependent by means of the iterative stirring function. This function has eight internal state ....

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FIPS 46, "Data encryption standard," NBS, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C., Jan. 1977.

Federal Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Technical Specifications .. - Tab Le Of (Correct)

....network controls are in place. C Level 3 Key Management Requirements: Direct key entry for the input of unprotected key components shall be required. Private keys shall either remain stored within a cryptographic module or be enciphered using DES (FIPS PUB 46 2 Data Encryption Standard) [4] before being output. Security practices such as separation of privilege shall be employed. CA agents are instructed on the operation of the CA and provided with reference material on the proper use and safeguard of key material, audit logs, personal information, archival material, et cetera. ....

....Roles and Services: Identity based authentication shall be enforced. Separate ports (or pins) shall be used to enter plaintext authentication data or keys. Private keys shall either remain stored within a cryptographic module or be enciphered using DES (FIPS PUB 46 2 Data Encryption Standard) [4] before being output. Security practices such as separation of privilege shall be employed. CAs shall only accept certificate requests signed by two different agents of the ORA. CA agents are instructed on the operation of the CA and provided with reference material on the proper use and safeguard ....

FIPS 46-2, Data Encryption Standard (DES), December 1993.

XMX - A Firmware-Oriented Block Cipher Based on.. - M'Raïhi.. (1997) (Correct)

.... and a 121 kilo bits second throughput on a Siemens SLE44CR80s smart card (5 MHz oscillator) 1 Introduction Since efficiency and flexibility are probably the most appreciated design criteria, block ciphers were traditionally optimized for either software (typically SAFER [4] or hardware (DES [2]) implementation. More recently, autonomous agents and object oriented technologies motivated the design of particularly tiny codes (such as TEA [9] 189 bytes on a 68HC05) and algorithms adapted to particular programming languages such as PERL. Surprisingly, although an ever increasing number of ....

FIPS PUB 46, 1977, Data Encryption Standard.

The use of Watermarks in the Protection of Digital Multimedia .. - Voyatzis, Pitas (1999) (10 citations) (Correct)

....digital watermarks can be used for countering digital piracy [1] Private or public key cryptography [2] can be used for data access control. Encrypted products are accessible, and decryption is possible only by someone who possesses a proper key. Well established algorithms (e.g. RSA [3] and DES [4]) can be used for this purpose. The encryption decryption techniques should manipulate large amounts of digital data and should achieve real time encryption decryption e.g. for video and digital TV applications [1] The 2 properties of chaotic systems seem quite useful and suitable for such ....

FIPS PUB 46. Data encryption standard, 1977.

Flaw in the Key Escrow Protocol of Jefferies, Mitchell and Walker - Anderson (Correct)

....Introduction: A number of governments have expressed the desire to decrypt traffic of interest to them on production of a warrant or court order. The US government has attracted the most controversy with its Escrowed Encryption Standard [2] this proposes to replace the Data Encryption Standard [3] with a system embedded in tamperproof hardware, which has the property that device master keys are held in escrow by government bodies and released to law enforcement officers when a warrant for a wiretap has been issued. The protocols which were supposed to achieve this turned out to be flawed ....

FIPS PUB 46, `Data Encryption Standard', US Department of Commerce, January 1997

Hash Functions Based on Block Ciphers and Quaternary Codes - Knudsen, Preneel (1996) (3 citations) (Correct)

....on m bit strings. The main argument to construct hash functions based on block ciphers is the minimization of the design and implementation effort. Additionally, the trust in existing block ciphers can be transferred to hash functions. These arguments are historically very important (DES [10] was The work in this paper was initiated while the authors were visiting the Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, U.K. February 1996 N.F.W.O. postdoctoral researcher, sponsored by the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) seen as a main building block for practical ....

....attacks we have found, which requires even more encryptions. The generator matrix of the [8; 5; 3] Hamming code over GF(2 2 ) has the following form: 2 6 6 6 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 ff 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 fi 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 7 7 7 7 5 (6) here 0 = 00] 1 = 01] ff = [10], and fi = 11] The order of the chaining variables is chosen to be H 1 i Gamma1 ; M 1 i ; H 3 i Gamma1 ; H 4 i Gamma1 ; H 5 i Gamma1 ; H 6 i Gamma1 ; H 7 i Gamma1 ; H 8 i Gamma1 ; H 2 i Gamma1 ; M 2 i , but can be chosen arbitrarily (the motivation for this particular choice ....

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FIPS 46, "Data Encryption Standard," Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), Publication 46, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C., January 1977.

Improved Characteristics for Differential Cryptanalysis of.. - Vincent Rijmen (Correct)

....the hashcode. N.F.W.O. research assistant, sponsored by the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) N.F.W.O. postdoctoral researcher, sponsored by the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) Hash functions can be constructed from a block cipher algorithm, e.g. the DES [FI46 77]. The main motivation for this type of construction is the minimization of design and implementation effort. An example of a well established construction is based on the following round function f : f(X i ; H i Gamma1 ) DES(H i Gamma1 ; X i ) Phi X i ; 1) where DES(H i Gamma1 ; X i ) denotes ....

FIPS 46, "Data Encryption Standard," National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

Recent Developments in the Design of Conventional.. - Preneel, Rijmen.. (1998) (10 citations) (Correct)

....41] for example, the OFB mode provides an additive stream cipher. Block ciphers can also be used to construct other primitives, such as hash functions, and MACs (see x2.4) The popularity of block ciphers in cryptography is closely related to the popularity of DES, the Data Encryption Standard [29]. The publication of DES as a Federal Information Processing standard in 1977 has influenced conventional cryptography in a major way: DES became widely used to provide cryptographic protection. For some time, the existence of DES (and triple DES) has made it very difficult for alternative block ....

FIPS 46, "Data Encryption Standard," Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), Publication 46, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C., January 1977.

A Family of Trapdoor Ciphers - Rijmen, Preneel (1997) (Correct)

....can be made very hard, even if one knows the general form of the trapdoor. In principle such a trapdoor can be used to design a public key encryption scheme based on a conventional block cipher. 1 Introduction Researchers have been wary of trapdoors in encryption algorithms, ever since the DES [9] was proposed in the seventies [15] In spite of this, no one has been able to show how to construct a practical block cipher with a trapdoor. For most current block ciphers it is relatively easy to give strong evidence that there exist no full trapdoors. We define a full trapdoor as some secret ....

....be four 8 bit Boolean functions and fi = fi (1) jjfi (2) jjfi (3) jjfi (4) a 32 bit Boolean vector. Suppose the following nonlinear relations hold with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , p 4 respectively. fi (1) ffl S(x[1] x[12] a (1) x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] Phi a (2) x[9]; x[10] x[11] x[12] fi (2) ffl S(x[1] x[12] a (2) x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] Phi a (3) x[9] x[10] x[11] x[12] fi (3) ffl S(x[1] x[12] a (3) x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] Phi a (4) x[9] x[10] x[11] x[12] fi (4) ffl S(x 1 ; x 12 ) a (4) x[1] ....

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FIPS 46, Data Encryption Standard, NBS, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C., Jan. 1977.

Reusing Shares in Secret Sharing Schemes - Zheng, Hardjono, Seberry (1994) (3 citations) (Correct)

....we only have to choose a random n bit string. In practice, such a pseudo random function family can be easily constructed from a strong data encryption algorithm, plus a bit imagination. The most widely used data encryption algorithm is perhaps the Data Encryption Standard (DES) proposed by FIPS [1]. DES is a strong encryption algorithm that transforms a 64 bit plaintext into a 64 bit ciphertext using a 56 bit key. Without knowing the key, the output of DES appears to be indistinguishable with a random 64 bit string. We can consider DES as a set of functions, DES 56 = fdes idx jidx 2 Sigma ....

FIPS PUB 46-1. Data encryption standard (DES), 1977. NBS.

XMX - A Firmware-Oriented Block Cipher Based on.. - M'Raïhi.. (1995) (Correct)

....and a 121 kilo bits second throughput on a Siemens SLE44CR80s smart card (5 MHz oscillator) 1. 1 Introduction Since efficiency and flexibility are probably the most appreciated design criteria, block ciphers were traditionally optimized for either software (typically SAFER [4] or hardware (DES [2]) implementation. More recently, autonomous agents and object oriented technologies motivated the design of particularly tiny codes (such as TEA [9] 189 bytes on a 68HC05) and algorithms adapted to particular programming languages such as PERL. Surprisingly, although an ever increasing number of ....

FIPS PUB 46, 1977, Data Encryption Standard.

Recommendation for Block - Cipher Modes Of Self-citation (Publication) (Correct)

No context found.

FIPS Publication 46-3, Data Encryption Standard (DES). U.S. DoC/NIST, October 25, 1999. Available at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/.

A Universal Encryption Standard - Published In Heys (Correct)