Lipson, H. and Pollack, J. B. (2000). Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406(6799):974--978.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....of unrelated structures) is necessary at both phenotypic[20] 21] and genotypic[22] 23] levels in order to evolve complex structures. In the field of evolutionary robotics, evolutionary computation is now being used to evolve both the brains and bodies of virtual[19] 1] and real world robots[14], and focus is increasingly coming to bear on making the genetic encoding of these systems as modular and compact as possible in order to increase evolvability[11] 4] Eggenberger[8] first incorporated GRNs into an evolutionary simulation to evolve three dimensional shapes. In this paper I report ....

H. Lipson, & J. B. Pollack, "Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms", Nature, Vol. 406, pp. 974--978, 2000.

.... become a key area of research not only in the cognitive sciences but also in robotics [15] artificial life [14] and evolutionary computation [2, 10] Consequently, there has been much research interest in evolving both physically simulated virtual organisms [2, 10, 14] and real physical robots [15, 8, 12]. The main objective of these studies is to evolve increasingly complex behaviors and or morphologies either through evolutionary or lifetime learning. Needless to say, the term complex is generally used very loosely since there is currently no general method for comparing between the ....

Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974--978, 2000.

....to many control parameters, as then the search spaces can become unreasonably large. As described earlier, genetic algorithms 19 require much performance data to function, and even though other investigators have interleaved simulated and real world performance evaluation with some success [29] [60], accurate simulation is required to produce working controllers (which becomes more di#cult as task complexity increases) Also, control heterogeneity was permitted in all cases, which meant that public policies su#ered severely from the state space size problem, as parameter values for each ....

H. Lipson and J. B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974--978, 2000.

....behaviors of artificial creatures, regarding them as subjects of survey rather than black boxes with assigned fitness and performance. There are some works which employ formal views for these purposes [2,5,14] Artificial life systems, especially those applied to evolutionary robotics and design [4,6,11], are quite complex and it is difficult to understand the behavior of existing agents in detail. The only way is to observe them carefully and use human intelligence to draw conclusions. Usually, the behavior of such agents is non deterministic, and their control systems are sophisticated, often ....

Lipson H. and Pollack J.B. (2000) Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms, Nature, 406 (6799), 974-978.

.... computing power of personal computers [18] Research in this area generally falls into two categories: 1) the evolution of controllers for creatures with fixed [4, 9] or parameterized morphologies [12, 16] and (2) the evolution of both the creatures morphologies and controllers simultaneously [8, 11, 14, 18]. Some work has also been carried out in evolving morphology alone [6] and evolving morphology with a fixed controller [13] Related work using mobile robots have also shown promising results in robustness and the ability to cope with changing environments by evolving plastic individuals that are ....

Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974-- 978, 2000.

.... raw computing power of personal computers [18] Research in this area generally falls into two categories: 1) the evolution of controllers for creatures with fixed [9] or parameterized morphologies [13, 15] and (2) the evolution of both the creatures morphologies and controllers simultaneously [4, 8, 12]. Some work has also been carried out in evolving morphology alone [6] and evolving morphology with a fixed controller [11] Related work using mobile robots have also shown promising results in robustness and the ability to cope with changing environments by evolving plastic individuals that are ....

Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974--978, 2000.

....processes. The investigated system can be designed specifically to follow the desired properties, and then it may be attractive from a biological point of view. However, as the complexity of a simulated system increases, it is difficult to understand the behavior of existing agents in detail [3,5,11]. The only way is to observe them carefully and use human intelligence to draw conclusions. Usually, the behavior of such agents is non deterministic, and their control systems are sophisticated, often coupled with morphology and very strongly connected functionally [12] Thus for the purposes of ....

Lipson H. and Pollack J.B. (2000) Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms, Nature, 406 (6799), 974-978.

.... power of personal computers [21] Research in this area generally falls into two categories: 1) the evolution of controllers for creatures with fixed [10, 18] or parameterized morphologies [15, 17] and (2) the evolution of both the creatures morphologies and controllers simultaneously [4, 9, 12, 14]. Some work has also been carried out in evolving morphology alone [6] and evolving morphology with a fixed controller [13] Related work using mobile robots have also shown promising results in robustness and the ability to cope with changing environments by evolving plastic individuals that are ....

Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974-- 978, 2000.

....of unrelated structures) is necessary at both phenotypic[20] 21] and genotypic[22] 23] levels in order to evolve complex structures. In the eld of evolutionary robotics, evolutionary computation is now being used to evolve both the brains and bodies of virtual[19] 1] and real world robots[14], and focus is increasingly coming to bear on making the genetic encoding of these systems as modular and compact as possible in order to increase evolvability[11] 4] Eggenberger[8] rst incorporated GRNs into an evolutionary simulation to evolve threedimensional shapes. In this paper I report ....

H. Lipson, & J. B. Pollack, \Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms", Nature, Vol. 406, pp. 974-978, 2000.

.... they evolved the shape of functional objects such as bridges and moving cranes in simulation and later built the evolved structures out of Lego bricks [35] More recently, they evolved the control system (sigmoid neurons) and morphology of robots composed of linear actuators, bars, and joints [36]. Some evolved individuals were automatically built out of thermoplastic material with a 3D printer. The printer takes as input the genetic description of the robot morphology and its temperature controlled head lays down thermoplastic material layer by layer with holes for motors and joints, ....

Lipson, H. and Pollack, JB (2000) Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms Nature (6799) 406, 974-978

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Lipson, H. and Pollack, J. B. (2000). Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406(6799):974--978.

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Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406(6799):974--978, 2000.

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H. Lipson and J. B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974-978, 2000.

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H. Lipson and J. B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406(6799):974--978, 2000.

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Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406(6799):974--978, 2000.

....ability, rather than computing power, that limits the richness of virtual worlds. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) a technique inspired by biological evolution, have shown much promise in automating the process of producing creatures for virtual environments, yet the most recent work in this area, [16,20] has produced ungainly creatures with less than 50 components. The asymmetries of these creatures is a result of using a direct encoding, an explicit encoding with a oneto one mapping from genotypic encoding to creature part. As direct encodings Preprint submitted to Elsevier Science 21 May, 2001 ....

.... been shown to have better scaling properties than direct encodings [3,12] Here we use Lindenmayer Systems (L systems) 18] as a more powerful, and general purpose, generative encoding than that of [23] to achieve moving creatures with hundreds of parts whose structure is more natural looking than [16,20]. More common than co evolving morphology and controller has been work evolving controllers for pre speci ed morphologies. Control systems for these works has included stimulus response rules [21,25] neural controllers [9] and genetic programs [8] The controllers of the creatures in this work ....

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H. Lipson and J. B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974-978, 2000.

....year old human in assembly. We started with a new process in which robot morphology was constrained to be buildable by a commercial off the shelf rapid prototyping machine. We evolve 7 the bodies and controllers in simulation and were essentially able to replicate them automatically into reality [25]. These robots are comprised of only linear actuators and sigmoidal control neurons embodied in an arbitrary truss like thermoplastic body. The entire configuration is evolved for a particular task and selected individuals are printed preassembled (except motors) using 3D solid printing ....

....our approach to automatic design and manufacture, the machines which were produced are obviously fairly 9 simple compared to the kinds of robots buildable by teams of human engineers. In fact most work in automatic design of engineering products using techniques inspired by biological evolution, [3, 4, 10, 17, 21, 25] suffers the same criticism. Our third generation starts to address the issue of whether evolutionary automatic design techniques can attain the higher level of complexity necessary for practical engineering projects. Since the search space grows exponentially with the size of the problem, search ....

Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406(6799):974--978, 2000.

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Lipson, H. & Pollock, J. (2000) Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature 406(31): 974--978.

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Lipson, H., and Pollack, J. B., 2000. "Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms". Nature, 406, pp. 974-- 978.

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Lipson, H. and Pollack, J. B., Automatic Design and Manufacture of Robotic Lifeforms, in Nature, v. 406, pp. 974-978, 2000.

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Hod Lipson and Jordan B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature, 406:974--978, 2000.

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Lipson, H., and Pollack, J. B., 2000. "Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms". Nature, 406, pp. 974-- 978.

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Lipson, H. and Pollack, J. B., (2000), "Automatic design and Manufacture of Robotic Lifeforms", Nature 406, pp. 974-978

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Lipson, H. & Pollack, J.B. (2000). Automatic Design and Manufacture of Robotic Lifeforms. Nature 406, pp.974-978.

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H. Lipson and J. Polluck, "Automatic Design and Manufacture of Robotic Lifeforms," Nature, Vol. 406, No. 6799, 2000, pp. 974--978.

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