E. Thelen, and L. Smith, A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1996).  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Motivation The process by which infants acquire motor skills is still being debated, and many of its underlying mechanisms are yet to be understood. Despite the availability of many descriptive accounts, modeling the development of motor skills has proven to be a hard problem [1 3]. Our research deals with a class of models that involves real robots and simulations thereof, and is situated in an area of robotics known developmental robotics [4] The methodology advocated by developmental robotics is synthetic and two pronged: on the one hand, it employs robots to ....

.... learning indicate that the acquisition of new motor skills (in healthy infants and in adults) is preceded by a seemingly random, exploratory phase during which possible movements are explored, selected, and tuned, and the ability to predict the sensory consequences of those movements is learned [3, 7, 10]. Hadders Algra [11] suggested that children, during the early stages of motor development, produce all motor possibilities within the neurobiological and anatomical constraints of the organism by means of self generated and possibly spontaneous motor activity. The origin of the variability ....

E. Thelen and L. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA. A Bradford Book, 1994.

....may provide suboptimal categorizations. Ontogenic CALM networks, on the other hand, can adaptively add or prune R V pairs with each new set of data, adding the desired flexibility to the learning process. In fact, this dynamic reorganization is a central concept in the work of Thelen and Smith [68], who argue that categorization is the formation of attractors in a continually changing landscape constrained by the environment the system is embedded in. The simulations with incremental learning of sequences also show that retroactive interference may occur if a new sequence is encountered by ....

E. Thelen & L. B. Smith, A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action, MIT Press, MA, 1994.

....Over time, however, these limitations disappear, incrementally increasing the behavioral alternatives. In human infants, for example, such maturational limitations will not permit use of the arms and legs for some time after birth while immediately facilitating limited control of the eyes [108]. Correspondingly, the infants rst learns to coordinate the eyes, then the hands, and nally the legs. Maturation could here be partly responsible for this developmental trajectory and serve to accelerate the learning process and to directly in uence the infant s physical development. In a ....

Thelen, Esther, and Smith, Linda B. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, 1994.

.... two decades, a growing body of evidence has shown that the control of movements resulting in particular (exploratory) actions is not determined by innate mechanisms alone, but rather, emerges from the dynamics of a sufficiently complex action system interacting with its surrounding environment [3, 11, 12, 13, 14], i.e. the dynamic landscape of the exploratory activities displayed by infants is modulated by the interaction dynamics of the infant actor and its surroundings. In the wake of Taga [12] we suggest that given a particular task environment, movements emerge from entrainment among (possibly ....

....K e f f x F t f . 4.5. Further Discussion Our premise of a tight synergy between hip, knee and ankle joints, i.e. the fact that the intersegmental coupling constant w s was fixed to 0 75 throughout the whole study, finds justification in developmental psychology. Findings reported in [14] show a high degree of coordination between the hip, knee and ankle joints of the same leg (intralimb coordination) in infants younger than 12 months. According to the same authors, kicking appears to be an especially well coordinated movement, quite distinct from other less rhythmic movements. ....

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E. Thelen and L. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA. A Bradford Book, 1994.

....of a native control repertoire for a synthetic system should be both exible and expressive enough without introducing undue complexity. The motor unit in this paper employs a closed loop control basis, this design is consistent with perspectives in infant motor development and adult motor control [71,70,4,5] and robotics [25,18] The control basis = f 1 ; 2 ; n g represents the agent s native control structure. In our formulation, each i 2 is a closed loop controller based on simple, local models of how the agent a ects its environment by applying inputs to its actuators. To ....

E. Thelen and L. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

.... telling examples of morphological limitations present at birth in the sensory, motor, and neural systems, are the accomodative system [Turkewitz and Kenny, 1982] working memory and attention span [Elman, 1993] the inefficiency of movements, and the postural control of head, trunk, arms, and legs [Thelen and Smith, 1994]. In our context, this means that an initial reduction of the number of biomechanical degrees of freedom may be necessary (but not sufficient) for learning a new skill. Preliminary but descriptive evidence that in some tasks the activity of the number of degrees of freedom is initially reduced ....

Thelen, E. and Smith, L. (1994). A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. A Bradford Book.

.... where it has been presented during the storage process [8] Franceschini demonstrated that flies use motion to visually identify the depth of perceived obstacles [9] Moreover, there is evidence that environmental feedback obtained through motor actions plays a crucial role in normal development [10, 11]. In artificial system, however, aside a few notable exceptions [12 15] the possibility to design systems that exploit sensory motor coordination is still largely unexplored. This can be explained by considering that, as we said above, behavior is the emergent result of the interactions between ....

Thelen E. and Smith L.B. (1994) A Dynamics Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

.... acquisition of skills in table tennis players [44] and the restructuring of cognitive processes at several levels of organization during acquisition of complex, multiple step skills [11] Dynamic reorganization in the development of sensorimotor skills is a central concept in the work of [72], who argue that categorization is the formation of attractors in a continually changing landscape driven constraint by the environment a system is embedded in [5,74] As 51 a consequence, a change in behavior of a system corresponds to the switch from one attractor to another one. Future work ....

E. Thelen and L.B. Smith, A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action (MIT Press, MA. 1994).

....with the world. An interaction based representation 3 grounds knowledge in activity. From this perspective, motor timing in skilled actions is discovered . through perceptual exploration of the body s intrinsic (or autonomous) dynamics within a changing task and physical space [55]. It is the potential for rich and varied interaction with the world that, we contend, leads to cognitive organization and development in humans in our view, an important issue that has not received due attention. During the rst several months in an infant s life, re exive responses are ....

E. Thelen and L. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

....it were known then analogous systems could be implemented in robots. SMC in animals is not completely understood, but research in it has recently advanced to the point where plausible mechanisms for it have been described. Evidence from studies in neurophysiology [5] ontogenesis [6] [7], and cognitive science [8] suggests that to interact e#ectively and e#ciently with its environment, an animal must learn through its own experiences the reciprocal causative relationships between sensing and action that foster its success or survival. cf. Sec. II. That is, SMC must be learned, ....

Thelen, E. AND L. B. Smith, A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, MIT Press, Cambridge,

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Thelen, E., and Smith, L. B. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, 1994.

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E. Thelen, and L. Smith, A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1996).

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Thelen, E. and Smith, L.B. (1994) A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, MIT Press

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Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

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Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

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Thelen E, Smith L.B, A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action (MIT Press 1994); Kelso J.A.S, Dynamic Patterns, Bradford Book, MIT Press 1995

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Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

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E. Thelen and L. B. Smith. A dynamics systems approach to the development of cognition and action. A Bradford Book, The MIT Press, 1994. 7

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E. Thelen & L. B. Smith, A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action, MIT Press, MA, 1994.

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Esther Thelen and Linda B. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1994).

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Esther Thelen and Linda B. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

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Esther Thelen and Linda B. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

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Thelen, E., and Smith, L. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MIT Press. 1998.

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Thelen,E. and Smith,L. (1994) A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA.

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Thelen, E., and Smith, L. (1994). A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. A Bradford Book.

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