Eigen, M. et.al. (1981) The origin of genetic information. Scientific American, 244, p. 88-118.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... for example, the special issue [64] the corresponding chapters in [21] and the recent review [66] In addition, the quasispecies model has been applied successfully also to cases where phenotypes are still too complex to be modeled by computer simulation, for example to the evolution of viruses [5, 7]. Populations of RNA viruses share high genetic diversity with those of RNA molecules replicating in test tubes. Although virus populations live in rapidly varying environments and presumably never reach stationarity, the quasispecies concept has nevertheless provided valuable insights into the ....

M. Eigen. The origin of genetic information. Viruses as models. Gene, 135:37--47, 1993.

....evolve into a living cell, they must acquire membranes that will separate them from their noisy environment. It is well known that a hypercycle system can easily be broken down by the occurrence of parasites. Compartmentalization of a hypercycle system is a simplest way to avoid the disaster [2] [14] 15] At the same time, however, it should be noticed that it is also true that parasites can drive the increase of diversity and complexity of the replicator network [6] In order to examine the balance between stable reproduction and diversity, we should study a relationship between an ....

M. Eigen, P. Schuster, W. Gardiner, and R. Winkler-Oswatitsch. The origin of genetic information. Scientific American, 244(4):78--94, 1981.

.... for example, the special issue [64] the corresponding chapters in [21] and the recent review [66] In addition, the quasispecies model has been applied successfully also to cases where phenotypes are still too complex to be modeled by computer simulation, for example to the evolution of viruses [5, 7]. Populations of RNA viruses share high genetic diversity with those of RNA molecules replicating in test tubes. Although virus populations live in rapidly varying environments and presumably never reach stationarity, the quasispecies concept has nevertheless provided valuable insights into the ....

M. Eigen. The origin of genetic information. Viruses as models. Gene, 135:37--47, 1993.

....that mutation destroys the established function but crossover does not destroy the codes that are already fixed in the population. As a consequence, when we wish to make a long program with MUNCs, we must carefully choose the mutation rate . This problem is generally known as error catastrophe [9]. In [6] the population genetic simulation was conducted about this matter and the following condition was obtained; no matter how advantageous a created program is, it cannot be maintained in the population if it does not satisfy . 9) Here is the total number of useful machine codes included in ....

Eigen, M., Gardiner, W., Schuster, P. & Winkler, R. (1981) The origin of genetic information. Sci. Amer. 244, 88-118.

....sense. Experimental data did not only prove the justification of the model but provided also the basis for applied molecular evolution, an already established new area of lively interest in biotechnology. In addition, the quasispecies model has been applied successfully to the evolution of viruses [3, 6]. Populations of RNA viruses share high genetic diversity with those of RNA molecules replicating in test tubes. Although virus populations live in rapidly varying environments and thus presumably never reach stationarity, the quasispecies concept indeed has been adapted to real systems and ....

M. Eigen. The origin of genetic information. Viruses as models. Gene, 135:37--47, 1993.

....movement when it is very hot. Behavior is controlled using special purpose neural networks. ffl The most important innovation is however the preservation of information by coding the system in terms of genes. This requires the discovery that proteins can function as interpreters of a code [5]. The code itself, in the form of DNA, is now copied as opposed to the whole organism. Additional proofreading while copying assures that much more complex information can be preserved, not only for creating the next generation of an individual but also for regenerating constantly parts of a ....

EIGEN, M. ET.AL. The origin of genetic information. Scientific American, 244, 88-118. 1981.

....However it is difficult to chose stable coding generally. An optimal coding of a machine may lead to the worst coding of the other. This causes a temporal oscillation even in a core network. Note that self organization of an autocatalytic network implies self organization of a coding system [20, 5]. How to improve coding cannot be determined locally but should be done in a network context. Alternation of coding driven by external noise has also been reported [12] In their systems, a multi coding system is developed in the high noise regime. In the light of evolution in formal systems ....

Eigen, M., Gardiner, W., Schuster, P. and Winkler-Oswatitsch, R. (1981). The origin of genetic information. Scientific American, 244, 78--94.

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Eigen, M. et.al. (1981) The origin of genetic information. Scientific American, 244, p. 88-118.

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Eigen, M., Schuster, P., Gardiner, W. and Winkler-Oswatitsch, R. The Origin of Genetic Information, Scientific American, 244, 4 (1981), 78--94.

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Eigen, M. et.al. (1981) The origin of genetic information. Scientific American, 244, p. 88-118.

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