Jeremy Elson. Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003. Home/Search Document Details and Download
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The Sensor Network as a Database - Ramesh Govindan Icsi (2002) (2 citations) (Correct)
....in context. Working our way up the layers in Figure 1, examples of such related research include: an efficient operating system for sensor nodes [23] low level network self configuration systems [7] including systems for localizing nodes [31, 32, 33] and performing time synchronization [11]; a data centric routing system [25] and possibly collaborative signal processing systems [39] that can, for example, track moving targets. 2.2 Data Models A prerequisite for discussing the database view of sensor networks is a data model, which is a framework for describing data representation ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the IPDPS Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues for Wireless and Mobile Systems, 2001.
Fjording the Stream: An Architecture for Queries over.. - Samuel Madden Michael (2002) (64 citations) (Correct)
....for processing. Such base stations are elevated, to overcome propagation problems that result between sensors that are on or embedded in a low reflectivity surface like the roadway. Sensors transmit samples along with time stamps, which can be generated via techniques such as those proposed in [6]. The results described in this section were produced via simulation. Processor counts were obtained by implementing the described algorithms on an Atmel simulator, power consumption figures were drawn from the Atmel 8515 datasheet [2] and communication costs were drawn from the TinyOS results ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2001.
Capturing Sensor-Generated Time Series with Quality Guarantees - Lazaridis, Mehrotra (2003) (10 citations) (Correct)
....for listening on the radio channel even if no data is being transmitted [29] 2.1. Definitions and Assumptions For simplicity s sake, we will assume that the producer s clock is synchronized with the archiver s. Time synchronization is an important issue of research in sensor networks [11] but goes beyond the scope of our paper. We will assume that time is discrete and will denote the time domain as T = f1; 2; g. The time quantum, corresponding to one step, is the sampling period of the sensor. We will also deal with time series whose value domain is R, i.e. the real ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In 2001.
Pushpin Computing: a Platform for Distributed Sensor Networks - Lifton (2002) (2 citations) (Correct)
....a rich set of hardware, bandwidth, and software, and consumes correspondingly more energy per node. The UCLA Laboratory for Embedded Collaborative Systems (LECS) also places a strong emphasis on distributed sensor networks, particularly network routing, time synchronization, and energy e#ciency [19, 20, 21]. Most of their published work seems to be simulation based, although they are involved in a collaboration with USC s Robotics Embedded Systems Lab, which developed the Robomote [22] a very small autonomous two wheeled robot equipped with a modest sensor suite. The MIT Media Lab s now defunct ....
Jeremy Elson and Deborah Estrin. Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 2001.
Simple, Accurate Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor.. - Sichitiu, Veerarittiphan (2003) (3 citations) (Correct)
....not take into account the limited resources available for sensor networks and require either error free operation, significant storage for the data samples, or processing power not plentiful in a sensor network. Elson and Estrin presented an interesting technique called post facto synchronization [15] which is also based on unsynchronized local clocks but limits synchronization to the transmission range of the mobile computing nodes. The precision achieved by their approach is very good, but lacks a deterministic bound on the clock drift. Recently, other approaches suitable for wireless ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin, "Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks," in Proc. of the 2001.
Capturing Sensor-Generated Time Series with Quality Guarantees - Lazaridis, Mehrotra (2003) (10 citations) (Correct)
....for listening on the radio channel even if no data is being transmitted [29] 2.1. Definitions and Assumptions For simplicity s sake, we will assume that the producer s clock is synchronized with the archiver s. Time synchronization is an important issue of research in sensor networks [11] but goes beyond the scope of our paper. We will assume that time is discrete and will denote the time domain as 999 9999 99 . The time quantum, corresponding to one step, is the sampling period of the sensor. We will also deal with time series whose value domain is , i.e. the real ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In 2001.
A Probabilistic Approach to Predict the Energy Consumption .. - Mini, Nath, Loureiro (2002) (1 citation) (Correct)
....in an energy constrained wireless sensor network. Some other works have been done in the direction of proposing new distributed algorithms speci c for sensor networks. In [5, 7, 17, 23] the authors address the problem of determining the location of a sensor dynamically in a sensor networks. In [8], Elson presents an implementation of a sensor network time synchronization scheme that uses the idea of post facto synchronization, low power method of synchronizing clocks in a local area when accurate timestamps are needed for speci c events. The work proposed by [28] is the most similar to ....
Jeremy Elson and Deborah Estrin. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2001.
Infrastructure Tradeoffs for Sensor Networks - Tilak, Abu-Ghazaleh, Heinzelman (2002) (5 citations) (Correct)
.... addressing schemes that take advantage of this fact [9, 12] A number of routing data aggregation approaches were also proposed [3, 10, 11, 13, 18] A number of studies have explored implementing services for sensor networks, including positioning mechanisms [4, 21, 28] time synchronization [7] and energy scans [36] Other studies considered specific sensor network applications and their implication on protocol design [5, 29, 33, 34] Meguerdichian et al. define the problem of exposure in sensor networks [19] and propose localized algorithms to address it [20] The exposure problem is ....
ELSON, J., AND ESTRIN, D. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing (Sept. 2001).
On Communication Security in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor.. - Slijepcevic.. (2002) (10 citations) (Correct)
....key is periodically changed, the corresponding key at this level follows those changes. In the discussion above the major assumptions of the all the proposed security schemes is that the sensor nodes are perfectly time synchronized and have exact knowledge of their location. It is not unrealistic [5] that the nodes can be synchronized up to s. 5. Implementation As a part of a proof of concept implementation, we ported the encryption routines of RC6 on the Rockwell WINS sensor nodes. Each operates with an Intel StrongARM 1100 processor running at 133 MHz, 128KB SRAM, 1MB Flash Memory, a ....
J. Elson, D. Estrin, "Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks", In Proceedings of the 2001.
Time Synchronization in Ad Hoc Networks - Römer (2001) (5 citations) (Correct)
....or after a certain amount of data has been collected. However, these o ine algorithms assume a constant message delay and that the actual clock drift is a linear function in time and therefore only produce approximations. Elson and Estrin present a technique called post facto synchronization [10], which is also based upon unsynchronized local clocks but limits synchronization to the transmit range of the mobile computing nodes and is (as the authors claim) inappropriate for applications that need to communicate a time stamp over long distances or time , which is the focus of our ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks. In
Global Synchronization in Sensornets - Richard Karp Jeremy Self-citation (Elson) (Correct)
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Jeremy Elson. Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003.
A Wireless Sensor Network For Structural Monitoring - Ning Xu Sumit (2004) (5 citations) Self-citation (Estrin) (Correct)
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ELSON, J., AND ESTRIN, D. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (2001), IEEE Computer Society, p. 186.
Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking - Intanagonwiwat, Govindan.. (2003) (26 citations) Self-citation (Estrin) (Correct)
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Jeremy Elson and Deborah Estrin. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2001.
Global Synchronization in Sensornets - Richard Karp Jeremy Self-citation (Elson) (Correct)
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Jeremy Elson. Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003.
An Empirical Study of Epidemic Algorithms in Large .. - Ganesan.. (2002) (22 citations) Self-citation (Estrin) (Correct)
....unique identifiers for each node, this gave us a causal ordering of message propagation [9] which was used to reconstruct the propagation tree. At the MAC layer, timing information was crucial for us to extract metrics such as backoff time and collisions. While absolute time synchronization [26] was an option, this proved to be unnecessary for our needs. To obtain timing information, the MAC layer stored two locally generated timestamps, with granularity 16 s. The first timestamp recorded the total amount of time that a message was stored on a node before being retransmitted. The second ....
....second timestamp recorded the interval for which the node was in backoff mode. The fact that flood propagation through a large network occurs quite quickly is our ally, since clock skew and drift is small during the flooding period. However, we still had to contend with receiver delay (as noted in [26]) which we reduced to a minimum by recording timestamps at the link layer. Thus, we restricted reconstruction errors to under a bit time per hop, which is 100 s at 10 kbps. 5.3 Analysis of Experiments As we saw in Section 2, epidemic propagation exhibits complex behaviors at scale, although the ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin, "Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proceedings of the 2001.
Distributed In-Place Calibration in Sensor Networks - Leonidovich Self-citation (Estrin) (Correct)
....current information from a sensor. The inconsistencies of this map are later relaxed through a global optimization procedure. Clock synchronization can also be thought of a calibration process. Fine grain clock synchronization has been extensively studied in the context wireless sensor networks [EGE02, EE01, KEE03]. Time routing in reference broadcast synchronization(RBS) EGE02] has inspired the pairwise calibration technique and calibration routing (Chapter 2) The key di erence between our work and RBS is that all clocks (time sensors) are known to be experiencing time at the same rate. This not the case ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. \Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks. " In IPDPS Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, April 2001.
Wireless Sensor Networks: A New Regime for Time Synchronization - Elson, Römer (2002) (21 citations) Self-citation (Elson) (Correct)
....the previous section, we can now begin to formulate requirements and new directions for time synchronization in WSNs. There are not yet any proven solutions for time synchronization in deployed WSNs. However, the authors have developed techniques which might prove helpful in solving this problem [8, 9, 26]. These techniques aim to build a synchronization service that conforms to the requirements of WSNs: Energy efficiency the energy spent synchronizing clocks should be as small as possible, bearing in mind that there is significant cost to continuous CPU use or radio listening. ....
....and makes it hard to exploit time variable and unpredictable application knowledge. In contrast, we advocate post facto synchronization, where clocks run unsynchronized at their own natural rates. When timestamps from different clocks need to be compared, they can be reconciled after the fact [8]. This removes the need to predict application requirements in advance; instead, synchronization energy is only expended after an event of interest has occurred. Also, this approach enables support for message relaying, since it does not require network connectivity between event generating ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks. In 2001.
Data-Centric Storage in Sensornets - Ratnasamy, Estrin, Govindan, Karp.. (2002) (10 citations) Self-citation (Estrin) (Correct)
.... have been made in topology self configuration [26, 6] localization (in accurate ranging using acoustic or ultrasound signals [23, 22, 11] and in location estimation coordination techniques by which nodes can determine their location [4, 25] and post facto low energy time synchronization [9]. L3: Packet routing: The MAC layers described above allow nodes within radio range to communicate. Packet routing algorithms are required to deliver packets between non neighboring nodes. Because the identity of individual nodes plays no role in sensornets, packet routing systems based on node ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the IPDPS Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues for Wireless and Mobile Systems, 2001.
Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study.. - Ganesan.. (2002) (22 citations) Self-citation (Estrin) (Correct)
....unique identifiers for each node, this gave us a causal ordering of message propagation [7] which was used to reconstruct the propagation tree. At the MAC layer, timing information was crucial for us to extract metrics such as backoff time and collisions. While absolute time synchronization [20] was an option, this proved to be unnecessary for our needs. To obtain timing information, the MAC layer stored two locally generated timestamps, with granularity 16 s. The first timestamp recorded the total amount of time that a message was stored on a node before being retransmitted. The second ....
....second timestamp recorded the interval for which the node was in backoff mode. The fact that flood propagation through a large network occurs quite quickly is our ally, since clock skew and drift is small during the flooding period. However, we still had to contend with receiver delay (as noted in [20]) which we reduced to a minimum by recording timestamps at the link layer. Thus, we restricted reconstruction errors to under a bit time per hop, which is 100 s at 10 kbps. C. Analysis of Experiments Our methodology in analyzing the vast quantity of data collected during the experiments is to ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin, "Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proceedings of the 2001.
Wireless Sensor Networks: A New Regime for Time Synchronization - Elson, Römer (2002) (21 citations) Self-citation (Elson) (Correct)
....the previous section, we can now begin to formulate requirements and new directions for time synchronization in WSNs. There are not yet any proven solutions for time synchronization in deployed WSNs. However, the authors have developed techniques which might prove helpful in solving this problem [7, 8, 23]. These techniques aim to build a synchronization service that conforms to the requirements of WSNs: Energy efficiency the energy spent synchronizing clocks should be as small as possible, bearing in mind that there is significant cost to continuous CPU use or radio listening. ....
....and makes it hard to exploit time variable and unpredictable application knowledge. In contrast, we advocate post facto synchronization, where clocks run unsynchronized at their own natural rates. When timestamps from different clocks need to be compared, they can be reconciled after the fact [7]. This removes the need to predict application requirements in advance; instead, synchronization energy is only expended after an event of interest has occurred. Also, this approach enables support for message relaying, since it does not require network connectivity between eventgenerating nodes. ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks. In 2001.
Fine-Grained Network Time Synchronization using Reference.. - Elson, Girod, Estrin (2002) (78 citations) Self-citation (Elson Estrin) (Correct)
....means that it is not feasible to keep the processor or radio powered continuously after nodes are deployed. Such a deep sleep confounds traditional protocols like NTP that try to keep the clock synchronized at all times. In recognition of this problem, we proposed post facto synchronization in [6]. In this scheme, nodes normally stay in a low power state, with unsynchronized clocks, until a event of interest occurs. Only after such an event are the clocks reconciled. This prevents energy from being expended to achieve unnecessary synchronization when the network is idle. An interesting ....
J. Elson and D. Estrin. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS-01). IEEE Computer Society, Apr. 23--27 2001.
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The Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol - Mikls Marti Branislav (2004) (Correct)
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Elson, J. E. Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles 2003.
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ELSON, J., AND ESTRIN, D. Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In IPDPS 2001.
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