J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, J.C. Laprie, Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems, FTCS-19, 1989, pp.348-355.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... to single faults causing observable errors, near coincident faults are of important interest in multiprocessor and or real time control system [McGo83] An expression for the coverage in the presence of time delayed realization will be developed using the following notation [Boss82] Shin86] Arla85] Let the following variables are defined, P T is a random variable denoting the time at which the system is checked for an observable error or failure as a result of a physical fault injection. n is the number of physical fault injections performed. Nt is the total number of ....

Arlat, J., Croizet, Y. and Laprie, J.--C., "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault--Tolerant Computing Systems," Proceedings of the 15 International Symposium on Fault--Tolerant Computing, June 1985, pp. 348--355.

....questions by experimentally evaluating the coverage and latency of the neighbor detection scheme. 3 DOCTOR: Integrated Fault Injection Tool Set Fault injection has long been viewed as a useful means of testing evaluating fault tolerant systems. Numerous hardware implemented fault injectors (HFIs) [3 5] have been developed and used for various experiments. However, as the complexity of contemporary computer increases as a result of using highly integrated VLSI chips, it is becoming more difficult, or nearly impossible, to evaluate dependability with HFIs alone. On the other hand, ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. IEEE FTCS, pp. 348-- 355, 1989.

....and the implementation details are then described. 3. 1 DOCTOR: An integrateD sO ftware implemented fault injeC T iO n enviR onment Fault injection has long been viewed as a useful means of testing evaluating fault tolerant systems [6] Numerous hardware implemented fault injectors (HFIs) [7, 8, 9] have been developed and used for various experiments. However, as the complexity of contemporary computer systems increases as a result of using highly integrated VLSI chips, it is becoming more difficult, or nearly impossible, to evaluate dependability with HFIs alone. On the other hand, ....

....scheme (i.e. its detection coverage and latency) and to examine if and how much sending node heartbeats as real time messages can enhance the detection coverage of the neighbor scheme. 4. 3 Experiment Specification We describe the details of the experiment plan using the FARM specification model [7], which formulate a fault injection experiment with four attributes: a set of faults F, a set of activations A, a set of readouts R, and a set of derived measures M. As the A attribute, which specifies the workloads used to exercise the target system, realtime channels were established from Node ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. IEEE FTCS, pp. 348--355, 1989.

....approaches intractable except for fault injection into actual prototype systems. With a common goal to accelerate the occurrence of faults or errors in the system to be tested during operation, numerous fault injection tools have been developed using both software and hardware techniques [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Although hardware implemented fault injectors closely mimic the real world by producing actual hardware faults, they require additional hardware which is often very expensive. Moreover, it is difficult to use them to force a distributed system into certain states, which are essential for testing ....

....performance and reliability data, an efficient data collection tool is developed. We have been developing an automated test case selection tool [11] for systematic fault generation on a formal basis. All these tools are controlled through a unified graphic user interface. In contrast to others [4, 5, 9], we integrate tools in distributed environment. In real time systems where time is the most precious resource, especially, fault injection and relevant data collection must be performed with minimum overhead to the target system. Otherwise, the correctness of the validation itself becomes ....

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J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. FTCS, pp. 348--355, June 1989.

....of fault tolerant systems often involves the measuring of the coverage of error processing and fault treatment [Arn73] i.e. a measure of the ability of these mechanisms in the system to process the error and treat the fault. This evaluation may be done through testing, using fault injection [Arl89][Gun89] 2.4 Dependability attributes The attributes of dependability allow a systems conformance to dependability objectives to be expressed. These attributes can then serve as measures of dependability and may be more or less emphasised depending on the application intended for the considered ....

Arlat J., Crouzet Y., Laprie J.C., Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems, Proceedings of the 19 th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp. 348-355, 1989

....the fault tolerance capabilities of the Group Membership Protocol (GMP) as described in Section 4, seems to support this view. 18 Fault injection approaches: Various techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. Hardware fault injection [1, 13, 31] and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures [7, 10, 14] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [6, 30] Others have emulated fault injection into CPU components [21] ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems. In Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pages 348--355, June 1989.

....is not a new method. By 1985, Laprie [Laprie85] et al. presented a set of formalisms and definitions for describing faults in a system. Arlat [Arlat90a, Arlat90b] extended these formalisms for fault injection for dependability assessments using a pin level fault injection tool, MESSALINE [Arlat89]. This methodology was used to assess the DELTA 4 architecture [Powell91] which provided fail silent nodes using hardware interlocks at each node interface. One important contribution from this work was a formalism which divided a fault injection experiment in four parts: F ) the faults set, A) ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouze, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computer systems. In Proc. of the 19th Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS-19), pages 348--355, June 1989.

....3.2.1.2 Open faults An open fault is modeled as a node that instead of its normal values permanently is holding a logical Z ( high impedance ) These faults mostly occur due to broken IC pins or bad component connections on system boards. 3.2.1. 3 Bridging faults With a bridging fault is meant [4] that two or more nodes (preferably adjacent) are shorted in some fashion. One fashion is the physical bridging model. This model implies a direct short between the nodes. Another fashion is the logical bridging model which suggests the nodes to be unified in logical AND or OR gates. 3.2.2 ....

....to see the injected faults. The output domain corresponds to a set of readouts, R and a set of measures, M that is calculated from the FAR sets. The paragraphs below will look at what impact the choice of system abstraction level and fault injection goal respectively can have on those sets [4]. 4.2 Levels of Abstraction The target system may be modeled at various levels of abstraction when performing a fault injection experiment [4] Three major types of models can be identified: axiomatic models, examples of which are the analytical models used to model the structure and ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

J.Arlat, Y.Crouzet and J-C.Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of faulttolerant computing systems", IEEE Proc. 19th Int. Symp. on fault tolerant computing (FTCS 19), pp.400-407, 1989.

....This approach is aimed at accelerating the occurrence of faults in order to assess the effectiveness of fault tolerance mechanisms while executing realistic programs on the target system. There have been several methods proposed for hardware fault injection, such as pin level fault injection [3, 4, 5], and heavy ion radiation [6] However, these methods have become increasingly more difficult to use, mainly due to the complexity of contemporary computer architectures and the high degree of integration of functions into an ever shrinking VLSI chip. As a result, simulation approaches [7, 8, 9] ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp. 348--355, June 1989.

....injection. One example is Lala s fault injection work at Draper Labs on the Fault Tolerant Multi Processor (FTMP) Lala83] At LAAS, Arlat [Arlat90a, Arlat90b] extended these formalisms for fault injection for dependability assessments using another pin level fault injection tool, MESSALINE [Arlat89]. This methodology was used to assess the European rail system and the DELTA 4 architecture [Powell91] which provided fail silent nodes using hardware interlocks at each node interface. 4 While pin level injection was popular Laprie [Laprie85] et al. presented a set of formalisms and ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouze, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computer systems. In Proc. of the 19th Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS-19), pages 348--355, June 1989.

....impact on the system. Without this understanding, design decisions and software engineering methods tend to be ad hoc. A clear model of software errors is also necessary to test new systems effectively and to validate new designs. In this regard, faultinjection methods [Segall88] Chillarege89] Arlat89] have gained interest and are fast becoming a validation and evaluation methodology. Effective fault injection requires a suite of injectable faults which accurately reflect system failure behavior. There have been several studies of software errors; however, for the most part, they concentrate ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J. C. Laprie., Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems., Proc. 19th Fault Tolerant Computing Symp., pages 348-355, 1989

....approaches have been proposed in the past for evaluating and validation of system dependability including formal methods, analytical modeling, and experimental methods. Techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of system. Hardware fault injection [12, 6, 1] and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [3, 11] Others have emulated fault injection into CPU components [9] However, ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp. 348--355, June 1989.

....the fault tolerance capabilities of the Group Membership Protocol (GMP) as described in Section 4, seems to support this view. Fault injection approaches: Various techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. Hardware fault injection [1, 12,28] and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures [6, 9, 13] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [5, 27] Others have emulated fault injection into CPU components [19] ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems. In Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pages 348--355, June 1989.

....have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. A recent survey paper [5] presents several fault injection studies, and also discusses several different tools that facilitate the application of fault injection in various environments. Hardware fault injection (e.g. [2, 35]) and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures (e.g. 8, 16] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [4, 34] Fault injection and testing dependability of distributed ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems. In Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pages 348--355, June 1989.

....on monitoring and gathering trace data. A more detailed comparison on fault injection of the TCP protocol appears in [4] b) Fault injection approaches: Various techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. Hardware fault injection (e.g. [12, 13]) and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures (e.g. 14, 15] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [16, 17] However, fault injection and testing dependability of ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. Int'l Symp. on FaultTolerant Computing, pp. 348--355, June 1989.

....modes [4, 22] HP s defect analysis [18, 19] and IBM s [7, 8] and Tandem s [11] failure analysis are some studies done in this area. These studies attempt to propose a small set of failures for fault injection testing. A number of tools for performing fault injection testing exist [13] MESSALINE [2, 3], FERRARI [14] FIAT [4, 10] SFI [20, 21] and FINE [15] are a few tools which were used for hardware and software fault injection testing. These tools suffered from a lack of (i) a notion of test adequacy and (ii) a quantitative measure for the process of validation of the system properties. ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J. C. Laprie. "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-tolerant Computing Systems ". In Proc. 19th International Symposium on FaultTolerant Computing, pages 348--355, 1989.

....fault tolerance capabilities of the Group Membership Protocol (GMP) as described in Section 4, seems to support this view. Fault injection approaches: Various techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. Hardware fault injection (e.g. [1, 25]) and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures (e.g. 8, 12] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [5, 24] However, fault injection and testing dependability of ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems. In Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pages 348--355, June 1989.

....on monitoring and gathering trace data. A more detailed comparison on fault injection of the TCP protocol appears in [2] b) Fault injection approaches: Various techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. Hardware fault injection (e.g. [17, 18]) and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures (e.g. 19, 20] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software fault injection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [21, 22] Fault injection and testing dependability of distributed ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie, "Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems.," in Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp. 348-- 355, June 1989.

....years as an attractive way to evaluate dependability properties. Fault injection is widely used in the field to evaluate systems to establish fault coverage figures. There are physical and simulation based approaches to fault injection. The former has been widely used in pin level fault injection [ACL89][MS94] fault injection by heavy ion radiation [GKT89] or power supply disturbances [MKGT92] However, the simulation based approaches [CS90] ORG92] provide much better insight into the system internals. The internal error propagation mechanism can be studied and the results used to better ....

....Fault Injection In [SSSZ86] a fault inserter is presented which can be programmed to insert inversion faults of Page 4 of 11 1, 2 or 4 cycle length on 11 different pins of the data and address bus of a MC68000 processor. Another pin level fault injecting system called MESSALINE is presented in [ACL89]. MESSALINE is a flexible, completely user configurable tool with 24 outputs and 48 inputs. Stuck at, bridging and inversion faults can be injected on any pin of the system under test. It has been used for the evaluation of safety critical railway control applications based on MC68000 processors. ....

Jean Arlat, Yves Crouzet, and Jean-Claude Laprie "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems" 19th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, p. 348 - 355

....and severity should also be performed. 3.2 Survey of Fault Injection Techniques Various fault injection techniques have been used on systems. These techniques range from hardware fault injection at pin level in chips to software fault injection in computer programs. 3.2. 1 MESSALINE MESSALINE [2, 3] adopts physical fault injection, by manipulating the IC pins, equipotential lines and transistor switches. Test adequacy depends on the statistical sampling of the input domain according to field profile as well as the distribution of faults injected. It was used for validation of systems like a ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J. C. Laprie. "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-tolerant Computing Systems". In Proc. 19th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pages 348--355, 1989.

....the fault tolerance capabilities of the Group Membership Protocol (GMP) as described in Section 3, seems to support this view. Fault injection approaches: Various techniques based on fault injection have been proposed to test fault tolerance capabilities of systems. Hardware fault injection [13, 27, 1] and simulation approaches for injecting hardware failures [6, 14, 9] have received much attention in the past. Recent efforts have focused on software faultinjection by inserting faults into system memory to emulate errors [5, 26] Others have emulated fault injection into CPU components [20] ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.-C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of fault-tolerant computing systems. In Proc. Int'l Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pages 348--355, June 1989.

....that can automatically perform fault injection testing. 3.2. Survey of Fault Injection Techniques Various fault injection techniques have been used on systems. These techniques range from hardware fault injection at pin level in chips to software fault injection in computer programs. MESSALINE [2, 3], FERRARI [10] FIAT [4, 8] SFI [17, 18] FINE [11] are some fault injection tools which have been reported in the literature. All these tools relied on low level fault injection hardware and memory images. Fault injection at the hardware level requires a large number of fault injections. ....

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J. C. Laprie. "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-tolerant Computing Systems ". In Proc. 19th International Symposium on FaultTolerant Computing, pages 348--355, 1989.

No context found.

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, J.C. Laprie, Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems, FTCS-19, 1989, pp.348-355.

No context found.

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J. C. Laprie. Fault injection for dependability validation of faulttolerant computer systems. In Proc. of the 19th Intl. Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Comp. (FTCS-19), pages 348--355, June 1989.

No context found.

J. Arlat, Y. Crouzet, and J.C. Laprie, "Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems," Proc. 19th Ann. Int'l Symp. FaultTolerant Computing, IEEE CS Press, Los Alamitos, Calif., 1989, pp. 348-355.

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