D. Gall. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46--58, 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....smoothing. 1 Introduction Many emerging multimedia applications, such as video on demand and video casting, rely on the efficient transfer of stored or live video. Transferring high quality video requires a large amount of network bandwidth. Even effective compression techniques, such as MPEG [8] and motion JPEG [22] still result in video streams with bandwidth requirements in the range of 2 10 megabits second. In addition, compressed video exhibits significant burstiness on multiple time scales [9, 10, 18] due to the natural variation within and between scenes, as well as the frame ....

D. Gall. "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications". Communications of the ACM, pages 46--58, April 1991.

....at some period of time, being nonsaturated during the remaining time. That will allow us to analyze the system behavior in both situations. On the other hand, transmitting real time VBR ows is not a trivial matter because a di erent amount of bandwidth will be needed during the transmission [3, 8]. One of the methods to improve these transmissions is the smoothing [7, 9, 12] of streams before their transmission. This way peaks and rate variability requirements are minimized. We use an approach similar to [12] which develops a transmission plan consisting of time periods so that, in each ....

D. Gall. Mpeg: a video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46-58, April 1991.

....the parts brought in by a request for reuse by a closely followed request and then those parts are subsequently discarded. However, this approach does not guarantee real video on demand delivery, but rather a good performance of the overall system. New video compression formats such as MPEG2 [8] also allow for the storage and transmission of high quality video streams requiring relatively low capacity. One major problem with compression formats in streams is that their bit rate variability is increased. Transmitting realtime VBR ows is no trivial matter, because a di erent amount of ....

D. Gall. Mpeg: a video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46-58, April 1991.

....is expected to store hundreds of media files, and provide simultaneous media access to several hundreds (or thousands) of clients. The stored media files are large. For example, a two hour Comprehensive Examination Paper, Dec14, 2001. MPEG 2 encoded movie requires approximately 4 GB of storage [30]. To ensure playback without pauses , the requested media has to be retrieved from the storage subsystems and transmitted at a fixed rate in the network (e.g. 4 6 Mbps for MPEG 2) Since a large number of streams might be in progress at a given point in time, server resources such as disk ....

....(RTCP) are described in Sections II B and II C, respectively. The Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is discussed in Section II D. A. MPEG Compression A popular family of compression standards has been defined for coding audio visual information by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) [30]. This includes three set of standards, namely MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and MPEG4. MPEG 1 is designed to store full motion video with bitrates up to 1.5 Mbps on CD ROMs. MPEG 1 is widely used in Video CDs (VCDs) MPEG 2 is targeted towards high quality digital broadcast systems with bitrates between 3 80 ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

D. L. Gall. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications of ACM, 34(4):xx--yy, April 1991.

....the parts brought in by a request for reuse by a closely followed request and then those parts are subsequently discarded. However, this approach does not guarantee real video on demand delivery, but rather a good performance of the overall system. New video compression formats such as MPEG2 [8] also allow for the storage and transmission of high quality video streams requiring relatively low capacity. One major problem with compression formats in streams is that their bit rate variability is increased. Transmitting realtime VBR flows is no trivial matter, because a di#erent amount of ....

D. Gall. Mpeg: a video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46--58, April 1991.

....net connections at homes are becoming faster and having more bandwidth day after day. This fact allows multimedia applications for these connections, from on line radio stations which can be easily found nowadays, to heavier applications like video playing. New video compression formats like MPEG2 [6] or MJPEG [1] also allow to store and transmit high quality video streams requiring relatively low capacity. Previous Studies Much work has been done in the past on the delivery of video on demand (VOD) Maybe the most simple technique consists of using a centralized single server intended to ....

D. Gall. Mpeg: a video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46-58, April 1991.

.... minfd( Gamma b c) xmin e; g Theta s max D BIND FD GammaBIND (ffit) R k I k GammaR k Gamma1 I k Gamma1 I k GammaI k Gamma1 (ffit Gamma I k ) R k I k ; I k Gamma1 ffit I k 2. 2 The MPEG Standard and the XGOP B Model The MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) coding algorithm [9] was developed for storage of compressed video in digital media. However, recent applications have been using the MPEG standard for a wide variety of services, from multimedia stations to high definition TV. A MPEG coder produces three frame types: I frames (intra pictures) that use intrapicture ....

D. L. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of the ACM, pp. 305--313, Apr. 1991.

....t denotes the interval between packets. The vector N stores the maximum frame sizes for the di erent types. In MPEG 2 there are I frames, P frames and B frames which usually have the size relation I P B. The frames are often arranged in a pre de ned structure called group of pictures (GOP) [7]. In this case, the parameter N holds the maximum sizes of the frame types in the GOP. Alternatively, N can be used to store all or clustered actual frame sizes in a stream to allow for an almost perfect analysis resulting in quite a big vector. Higher need for bu er space and increased ....

Gall, G.L.: MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications of the ACM, 4(34), 1991.

....by a discussion of the SAD operation. Section 3 describes the basic operation of our proposed Sum Absolute Difference unit, and Section 4 gives a sample implementation of the proposed unit. Section 5 concludes this paper with some remarks and future research directions. 2. Background In MPEG [10, 4], video sequences are compressed by exploiting both spatial and temporal redundancies. Spatial redundancies can be seen as small differences between local pels. In many encoding schemes the spatial redundancies are exploited using DCT [1, 7, 15] or predictive coding [12] Temporal redundancies can ....

D. L. Gall. Mpeg: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46-- 58, April 1991.

....we tested the isolation property introduced by the CBS on tasks executions. To stress the protection mechanism, we created a set of soft tasks characterized by a very high variance in their execution times. A typical periodic task characterized by a large execution time variance is an MPEG [8] player (all experiments were performed using the Berkeley MPEG library [16] which was ported to HARTIK) Then, we performed a simple experiment with 2 tasks, 1 and 2 , having periods T 1 = 125ms (8 frames per second FpS) and T 2 = 30ms (33 FpS) Figure 3 plots the number of decoded frames ....

D. Gall. Mpeg: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46--58, April 1991.

....I . The R(I) function has N pairs (R k ; I k )j k=1;2; N and results in a piece wise curve which is not necessarily concave. Table 1 summarizes the traffic constraint functions for each one of the presented models. 3 The MPEG Standard The MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) coding algorithm [8] was developed for storage of compressed video in digital media. However, recent applications have been using the MPEG standard for a wide variety of services, from multimedia stations to highdefinition TV. A MPEG coder produces three frame types: I frames (intra pictures) that use intra picture ....

D. L. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of the ACM, pp. 305--313, Apr. 1991.

....and the traces do not capture the e#ects of inter frame dependencies that exist in MPEG encoded streams. For a typical video source, MPEG encoding has smaller average frame sizes and larger short term burstiness, due to the mixture of interpolated (I) predictive (P) and bidirectional (B) frames [7]. These three di#erent types of frames are grouped as units of Group of Pictures (GOPs) where each GOP consists of an arrangement of one I picture, P pictures, and B pictures. The burstiness within a GOP can be resolved by prefetching the short term variation into a relatively small client bu#er ....

Gall, D.L. (1991) MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Commun. ACM 34: 46--58.

....representing the action that occurs during each second. The subset to be sent is selected by dropping (eliminating) some frames from the video, and sending out the remaining frames at a reduced rate. Our options for efficiently dropping frames are limited by the MPEG encoding format. MPEG 1 [1], which we use in this project, utilizes three distinct types of frame. An I frame (standing for intraframe ) is a compressed image of a single frame. A P frame (standing for predictive ) contains only the data necessary to correctly extrapolate an image from a previously displayed frame (an ....

D. L. Gall. MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, April 1991.

....MPEG 2 structure to improve the video stream robustness. Concluding remarks are given in Sec. 8. 2 2 MPEG 2 Backgrounder The choice of the compression algorithm depends on the available bandwidth or storage capacity and the features required by the application. The MPEG 2 standard [ISOa, ISOb, Le 91, Le 92, Mit97, Has97] a truly integrated audio visual standard developed by the International Organization for Standards (ISO) is capable of compressing NTSC or PAL video into an average bit rate of 3 to 6 Mbits s with a quality comparable to analog CATV. It is widely used standard in today ....

Le Gall D. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4), April 1991.

....are used simultaneously. We will describe the algorithm that manages the data flow. Our results show that real time MPEG encoding of CCIR 601 video sequences can be achieved. 2. AN OVERVIEW OF MPEG The MPEG1 standard defines the syntax of the bit stream of a compressed digital video sequence [2, 11]. In other words, the decoder is defined and the implementation of the encoder is open to individual designs. MPEG divides the compressed video frames into three types: I pictures, P pictures and B pictures (Figure 2) I pictures, the intracoded pictures, are encoded without reference to other ....

D. Le Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 46--58, April 1991.

....by rendering on the server, then compressing and transmitting an image stream to the client. The client decompresses and displays the image stream in a window distinct from its own frame buffer. Unfortunately, the standards for compressing images and video mainly JPEG [Wallace91] and MPEG [Le Gall91] were developed for use on natural scenes, and they are not well suited #################################### Address: Center for Integrated Systems Email: levoy cs.stanford.edu Stanford University Web: http: www graphics.stanford.edu Stanford, CA 94305 4070 for compressing synthetic images. ....

Le Gall, D., "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," CACM, Vol. 34, No. 4, April, 1991, pp. 46-58.

....hand a set of compression techniques, in order to decrease the size of the files to a reasonable amount while maintaining a good quality of perception by a human being when decompressed. Currently, each kind of data type presents several good techniques: JPEG for still images [17] MPEG for video [10], or ADPCM for audio. These last few years, different extensions have been implemented for DBMS to support non traditional applications. From our point of view, the main improvements are in the modelling and manipulation capabilities. Extended relational models include abstract data types and or ....

Le Gall, D.; MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications; Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, n 4, April 1991, pp. 46-58

....MPEG 2 structure to improve the video stream robustness. Concluding remarks are given in Sec. 8. 2 2 MPEG 2 Backgrounder The choice of the compression algorithm depends on the available bandwidth or storage capacity and the features required by the application. The MPEG 2 standard [ISOa, ISOb, Le 91, Le 92, Mit97, Has97] a truly integrated audio visual standard developed by the International Organization for Standards (ISO) is capable of compressing NTSC or PAL video into an average bit rate of 3 to 6 Mbits s with a quality comparable to analog CATV. It is widely used standard in today ....

Le Gall D. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4), April 1991.

....of portable video devices. III. Motion Estimation Motion estimation (ME) is used to reduce the amount of temporal correlation that exists in most video sequences. Estimating scene motion can be done on a pixel level [6] 7] a block level [8] or a global level [9] The MPEG standard [10] employs block based motion estimation, as this is the simplest motion estimation algorithm and most easily implemented in hardware. For this technique, each image is broken into 16 Theta 16 pixel blocks, called macroblocks. These macroblocks are small enough that there (generally) exists a good ....

D. Gall, "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Commun. ACM, Vol. 34, April 1991, pp. 46-58.

....(Moving Picture Experts Group) coding algorithm [2] is employed. In Fig. 1, the average rate for each GoP (Group of Pictures) is also shown with a solid line. MPEG was originally developed for the compressed video storage, but is useful enough for multimedia applications and is now widely accepted [3]. In the SBR service class the statistical multiplexing is performed based on the traffic characteristics reported from a sending end station to the network at the call setup time. More specifically, the sending end station first declares its traffic descriptors such as PCR (Peak Cell Rate) SCR ....

D. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, pp. 305--313, April 1991.

....e.g. video on demand, and professional use, e.g. computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) With its ability for low cost, real time, variable bitrate transfer, ATM is the enabling technology for this medium. MPEG is the broadly accepted standard for transfer of moving pictures video [1, 2]. Due to how spatial and temporal redundancy in the pictures are removed in the MPEG encoding and how interpolation is carried out, see Section 2, the resulting information flow is highly variable, changes abruptly at frame borders and has a certain periodicity. Furthermore, it has, as all VBR ....

....simulation is demonstrated before Section 6 concludes the paper. First, however, a brief introduction to MPEG coding necessary for the rest of the paper, is given in Section 2. 2 MPEG coding For a general introduction of MPEG coding principles, it is referred to the available literature, e.g. [1, 2]. However, mainly to introduce the terms used, a very brief introduction to some MPEG coding concepts is given here. In MPEG compression, both spatial and temporal redundancy is removed. The spatial redundancy is reduced by using transforms and entropy coding, and the temporal redundancy is ....

D. Le Gall. "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications." Communications of the ACM, 34:47--58, 1991.

.... could be used to estimate a translation for the whole image [Sze96] 15 algorithm can be instructed to perform an independent search at each patch for the integral shift which will best align the I 0 and I 1 images (this block matching technique is the basis of most MPEG4 coding algorithms [LG91] For a search range of s pixels both horizontally and vertically, this requires the evaluation of (2s 1) 2 di#erent shifts. For this reason, we usually only apply the local search algorithm at the coarsest level of the pyramid (unlike, say, Ana89] which is a dense optic flow algorithm) ....

D. Le Gall. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):44--58, April 1991.

.... library [3] and video on demand [4] require guaranteed QoS (quality of service) control and resource management in disks and networks [5 7] Different from the constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, media data are usually variable bit rate (VBR) due to the compression technology applied (such as MPEG) [1 2]. It makes the design of a good multimedia scheduler more complicated especially the transmission schedule over a general multimedia network. In a general multimedia network with multiple network nodes, the available resources (such as the memory buffer and the network bandwidth) are limited ....

D.G. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of ACM, vol. 5, no. 33, pp. 85-110, 1990.

....and bandwidth requirements considerably, extending the ISO committee to moving pictures was a natural step. 2.3. 2 CCITT Expert Group on Visual Telephony The high growth oriented nature of the video compression area was triggered by applications such as teleconferencing and video telephony [Gal91] The definition and planned deployment of ISDN was the motivation for the development of compression techniques at the rate of p Theta64 kbps, where p takes values from 1 to 30. The visual telephony group produced the recommendation H.261: Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at p Theta64 ....

....visual quality in the range of 1 to 1.5 Mbps. Thus, the decks were cleared for the development of MPEG 1. 2.3. 3 CMTT 2 Activities The use of digital video compression for video conferencing and video telephony also opens up the issue of its use in broadcasting compressed television signals [Gal91] The transmission channels for such an application are either the high level digital hierarchy H21 (34 Mbps) and H22 (45 Mbps) or digital satellite channels. The CMTT 2 2 addressed the compression of television signals at 34 and 45 Mbps. The focus of this work was to produce quality codecs. ....

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Dider Le Gall. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications of the ACM, 34, No. 4:47--58, April 1991.

....obtained from the state s i and QoS of the operations of o i . They are named state QoS and operation QoS , respectively. For example, suppose that there are two objects o i and o j which have the same video data with high resolution and low resolution, respectively, which are compressed by MPEG [7]. Here, the state s i of o i has better QoS than the state s j of o j . o i and o j support a play operation which is realized by the decoder of the compressed state. If o i and o j support the low level decoder, o i and o j support the same QoS by play even if o i has the high level resolution ....

Gall, D., "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Comm. ACM , Vol.34, No.4, 1991, pp.46--58.

....3) then its next packet is assigned a priority value of 0, i.e. the highest priority. If the stream is in state MMm or MmM, then the distance to the 1 For example, it may be more important to meet the deadlines of packets containing the I frame than a P or a B frame in MPEG video transmission [4]. failing states is one. Therefore, the next packet from the stream gets a priority value of 1. Finally, if the stream is in state mMM or MMM, then the distance to the failing states is two, and the next packet is assigned a priority value of 2. Thus, if a stream is closer to a failing state, its ....

....# Consec misses EDF DBP M 1 72 5151 2 42 278 3 23 0 4 26 0 5 164 0 Table 1: Comparison of DBP M and EDF wrt occurrences of consecutive misses for a voice application. The parameters for a video stream are derived assuming a sequence of image frames compressed using the MPEG 1 standard [4]. In the MPEG 1 standard, there are three types of frames I, P, and B. The I frames are decoded independent of the other frames and they typically contain significantly more bits than the P and the B frames. The P frames contain fewer bits than the I frames because they use reference information ....

D. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of the ACM, pp. 46--58, April 1991.

....in the quality of the reconstructed images with increase in the number of disk failures. Although presented within the framework of the JPEG compression standard, the concepts presented in this paper can be easily extended to other compression techniques (such as the MPEG compression standard [13]) A multimedia server based on the algorithms presented in this paper is being implemented at the UT Austin Distributed Multimedia Computing Laboratory. ....

D. Le Gall. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Apllications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46--58, April 1991.

....fiber optic networks are available. For example, CD quality audio requires 1.4 Mb s and HDTV quality video requires 1.4 Gb s. Compression, particularly for video, can reduce the required bandwidth by 1 2 orders of magnitude, e.g. MPEGcompressed HDTV quality video requires bandwidths of 20 40 Mb s [LeGall91], still a significant amount especially considering that this is for only a single video stream. In addition to very high throughput requirements, audio and video are usually associated with real time interactive applications and thus present rather stringent delay requirements. More precisely, ....

....[Nomura89] 1.2.2. The MPEG Standard The MPEG standard, proposed by ISO, has three parts. MPEG video addresses the compression of full motion, TV quality video signals at 1.5 Mb s. The MPEG audio and MPEG system parts, address audio compression and audiovideo synchronization issues respectively [LeGall91]. The rate of 1.5 Mb s is suitable for use with CD ROM, Digital Audio Tape, and T1 communication channels. The MPEG video compression algorithm uses block based motion compensation to reduce temporal redundancy, and DCT based compression to reduce spatial redundancy. The standard only defines the ....

D. Le Gall, "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Communications of the ACM Vol. 34(4), pp. 46-58 (April 1991).

....broad range of multimedia applications. Because of the extraordinarily large amount of storage volume necessary to store image and video data, data compression is a necessity for any sort of multimedia application. MPEG is rapidly growing in acceptance as the standard for video compression. MPEG [6] extrapolates JPEG style compression for motion images. JPEG [14] is a lossy still image compression # # mpeg play hula # # mpeg2play # # mpeg play easter # # mpeg encode 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 ....

D. L. Gall. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications ACM, 34(4):46-- 58, April 1991.

....which change the rate of the codec based on the status of the network. These adaptive techniques are lossy, so 1 In order to reduce the video bitstream rate, either the number of quantization levels of the DCT coefficients is reduced, or the high frequency DCT coefficients are not coded. See [1] [2], 3] for details about MPEG rate control. the quality of the resulting video changes based on both the content of the video as well as the condition of the network. The algorithm for lossless smoothing of MPEG video detailed in [1] smooths the frame to frame rate fluctuations in a video ....

....is organized as follows. In Section 2 , the size and structure of MPEG frames are briefly reviewed. This is necessary to understand the size difference among different types of MPEG frames as well as the repeating structure found in MPEG s Group of Pictures (GOP) The reader is refered to [1] [2], 3] for a more complete discussion about MPEG. Section 3 presents the improved algorithm. The reader is refered to [1] for thorough details of the original algorithm as well as the mathematical justification of the rate bounds. Section 4 presents details of the MPEG test sequences used for the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

D. Le Gall. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications CACM, April 1991, 34(4):46-58.

....special visualization effects (e.g. image scaling, translation, rotation, warping) and multi object compositing (e.g. video mixing in the video bridge for multi point video conferencing) A major underlying component in the image video compression algorithms (such as JPEG, MPEG and H. 261 [8,9,10]) is the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) In the transform domain, lots of coefficients are small and are often quantized to zeroes. To take advantage of this lower data rate in the transform domain, our prior work has studied techniques for manipulating image in the transform compressed domain ....

D. Le Gall, "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Communications of the

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D. Gall. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46--58, 1991.

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D. L. Gall, "Mpeg: a video compression standard for multimedia applications," Commun. ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, 1991.

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GALL D. L., "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications ", Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, num. 4, 1991, p. 46-58.

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D. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications, " Commun. ACM, vol. 34, pp. 46--58, Apr. 1991.

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D. L. Gall, "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, Apr. 1991.

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Gall D. Le, MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications, Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 46---58; 305-313

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D. L. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Commun. ACM 34#4#, 47--58 #1991#.

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D. L. Gall. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. Communications of the ACM, 4(34), 1991.

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D. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, pp. 305--313, April 1991.

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D. Gall. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):46--58, 1991.

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D.L. Gall, MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications, Communications of ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, 1991, pages 4658.

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D. L. Gall, "MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications," Commun. ACM, vol. 34, pp. 46--58, Apr. 1991.

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D. L. Gall, `MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications', Communications of the ACM, 34, (4), 46--58 (1991).

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D.L. GALL, "MPEG: A Video Compression Stan- dard for Multimedia Applications," Coremunicariots of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 4, Apr. 1991, pp. 47-58.

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D.L. Gall. MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications. In Communications of the ACM, 34, 4, April 1991. 2

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Le Galle, D., "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Comm. of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 46-58, April, 1991.

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D. Le Gall. MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications. Communications of the ACM, 34(4):47--58, April 1991.

No context found.

Gall, D., "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Comm. ACM , Vol.34, No.4, 1991, pp.46-58.

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D. Le Gall, "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No.4, April, 1991.

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