| J. Fridrich, "Methods for Detecting Changes in Digital i mages |
....if the true erro e at (i,j) is smaller in absolute value than M(i,j) 2, and if M (i,j) M(i,j) the estimated erro e = e. It is further shown that the error estimates are fairly accurate for small distortions, such as high quality JPEG compression. 5. Authenticating the visual content Fridrich [7,8] describes a technique in which an image is divided into medium size blocks and a robust spreadspectrum watermark is inserted into each block. If watermarks are present in all blocks with high probability, one can be fairly confident that the image has not been ta mpered with in any significant ....
J. Fridrich, "Methods for Detecting Changes in Digital i mages
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