Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of Saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37, 31--38.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....given a priori by the designer. The primary emphasis was on understanding the emergence and evolution of animal communication rather than human natural language. There has been a second wave of research in the mid 1990 s featuring more systematic investigations of different possible architectures [8] and a deeper study of the complex adaptive system properties of linguistic populations and their evolving lexicons [15] 1] The issue of meaning creation in co evolution with lexicon formation has also been studied [13] 4] and more sophisticated experiments have been reported to ground ....

....hint provided by the speaker, and on performing categorisation using his own discrimination trees as developed thus far. These lexicon bootstrapping mechanisms have been explained and validated extensively in earlier papers [15] and are basically the same as those reported by Oliphant [8]. The conceptualisation module proposes several solutions to the verbalisa7 tion module which prefers those that have already been lexicalised. Agents monitor success of categories in the total game and use this to target growth and pruning. The language therefore strongly influences the ....

Oliphant, M. (1996) The dilemma of Saussurean communication. Biosystems, 37 (1-2), pp. 31-38.

.... the system previously using evolutionary computation and reinforcement learning 1 Introduction In an artificial environment for learning there are those which suggest that genetic transmission between generations alone is capable of developing innate communication systems [1] 2] 3] 4] 5] [6], 7] Genetic mechanisms neglect the origin of language which would be the logical starting point from an A Life perspective. Others suggest that cultural transmission between generations alone is capable of developing and refining entirely learned communication systems [8] 9] The border between ....

Oliphant, M. The dilemma of Saussurean communication. Biosystems, 37 (1-2):31-38.

....arises in many di#erent settings. A number of studies have emerged where linguistic agents interact with each other in simulated worlds and one studies whether coherent or coordinated communication ultimately emerges (see, for example, Steels 1996, Steels Vogt 1997, Steels Kaplan 1998, Oliphant Batali 1996, Oliphant 1997, Briscoe 2000, Kirby 1999] Much of this kind of research employs the simulation methodology of Artificial Life. In this paper, we create a mathematical framework for these kinds of problems and derive a number of analytic results. We also study language coordination in a ....

....each of them has a language. An evolutionary process can then be described where individuals reproduce and the o#spring do not have an innate language, but acquire a language on the basis of interaction with the population. This process was first explicitly modeled by [Hurford 1989] and later by [Oliphant Batali 1996] and [Oliphant 1997] In the approach of the latter two works, at each (discrete) moment of time, a randomly chosen individual is replaced by a new one, which then learns the language of the population; in [Hurford 1989] the generations do not overlap. It is clear that the choice of a learning ....

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Oliphant, M. (1996) The dilemma of Saussurean communication, BioSystems, 37(1-2), pp. 31--38.

....enough. As Niyogi Berwick (1997) point out, our intuitions about the evolution of even simple dynamical systems are often wrong. Recently, many researchers have responded to this problem by taking a computational perspective (for example, Hurford 1989; Hurford 1991; MacLennan 1991; Batali 1994; Oliphant 1996; Cangelosi Parisi 1996; Steels 1996; Kirby Hurford 1997; Briscoe 1997; Briscoe this volume, Batali this volume, Hurford this volume) 2 This paper follows on from this line of work, and also borrows from language learning algorithms developed in computational linguistics (namely, Stolcke ....

OLIPHANT, MICHAEL. 1996. The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37.31-- 38.

....by the speaker, and on performing categorisation using his own discrimination trees as developed thus far. These lexicon bootstrapping mechanisms have been explained and validated extensively in earlier papers [Steels Kaplan 98] and are related to similar mechanisms (e.g. McLennan 91] Oliphant 96] The conceptualisation module proposes several solutions to the verbalisation module which prefers those that have already been lexicalised. Agents monitor success of categories in the total game and use this to target growth and pruning. The language therefore strongly influences the ....

Oliphant, M. The dilemma of Saussurean communication. Biosystems, 37 (1-2):31-38.

....was in the interests of both parties as it allowed mating to take place at better than chance frequencies. In MacLennan and Burghardt s (1994) model, signallers and receivers were rewarded if and only if they engaged in successful communicative interactions. Other models (Ackley Littman, 1994; Oliphant, 1996) have looked at the special case where communication would benefit receivers, but the potential signallers are indifferent. Oliphant argues that this is a good way to model the evolution of alarm calls, for example: if one bird in a flock spots an approaching hawk, it is clear that its ....

....By calling and thus sharing the food, the signaller incurs a fitness cost; by responding to the call, the receiver benefits through obtaining food it would otherwise have missed. Thus, the call would be located in the altruism quadrant. The situations modelled by Ackley and Littman (1994) and Oliphant (1996), where receivers benefit but signallers are ambivalent, can be thought of as points on the positive vertical axis, i.e. where PS = 0 and PR 0. Conflicts of interest can be defined as interactions in which natural selection favours different outcomes for each participant (Trivers, 1974) or in ....

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Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of Saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37, 31--38.

....the interests of both parties as it allowed mating to take place at better than chance frequencies. In MacLennan and Burghardt s (1994) model, signallers and receivers were rewarded if and only if they engaged in successful communicative interactions. Other SAB AL models (Ackley Littman, 1994; Oliphant, 1996) have looked at the special case where communication would benefit receivers, but the potential signallers are indifferent. Oliphant argues that this is a good way to model the evolution of alarm calls: it captures the idea that the potential signaller already knows about the danger of the ....

....By calling and thus sharing the food, the signaller incurs a fitness cost; by responding to the call, the receiver benefits through obtaining food it would otherwise have missed. Thus, the call would be located in the altruism quadrant. The situations modelled by Ackley and Littman (1994) and Oliphant (1996), where receivers benefit but signallers are ambivalent, can be thought of as points on the positive vertical axis, i.e. where PS = 0 and PR 0. Conflicts of interest can be defined as interactions in which natural selection favours different outcomes for each participant (Trivers, 1974) or in ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of Saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37, 31--38.

.... that nonrandom genetic transmission (i.e. natural selection) of innate communication systems is capable of producing optimal, innate communication systems (e.g. Werner and Dyer (1991) Ackley and Littman (1994) MacLennan and Burghardt (1994) Levin (1995) Cangelosi and Parisi (1996) Oliphant (1996), Bullock (1997) de Bourcier and Wheeler (1997) Di Paolo (1997) Werner and Todd (1997) Noble (1998) A growing body of computational modelling work suggests that iterated learning alone is capable of developing optimal, learned communication systems (e.g. Hutchins and Hazelhurst (1995) ....

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37, 31--38.

....fall into three main groups: 1. Those which suggest that genetic transmission between generations alone is capable of developing and refining innate communication systems (e.g. Werner and Dyer, 1991; Ackley and Littman, 1994; MacLennan and Burghardt, 1994; Levin, 1995; Cangelosi and Parisi, 1996; Oliphant, 1996; Bullock, 1997; de Bourcier and Wheeler, 1997; Di Paolo, 1997; Werner and Todd, 1997; Noble, 1998) 2. Those which suggest that cultural transmission between generations alone is capable of developing and refining entirely learned communication systems (e.g. Hutchins and Hazelhurst, 1995; Steels ....

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37, 31--38.

.... In recent years it has become clear that the complex adaptive systems approach pioneered by Artificial Life research can fruitfully be applied to the study of the origins and evolution of language [9] particularly to the emergence of shared sound systems [3] the self organisation of lexicons [7], 11] grounded word meaning [12] and the origins of grammar [4] 1] 5] In all this research, the same mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of complexity are being used as exploited in other Artificial Life research, and a similar complex dynamics can be seen to emerge. This paper ....

Oliphant, M. The dilemma of Saussurean communication. Biosystems, 1996, 37 [12 ], pp 31-38.

.... From the hypothesis that language is a complex dynamical system it follows that the language could arise through selforganization, see e.g. Prigogine and Strengers, 1984) The models that are used are similar to those used by (Werner and Dyer, 1991, McLennan, 1991, Kirby and Hurford, 1997) and (Oliphant, 1996). An overview of research in this field can be found in (Hurford et al. 1998) In previous experiments a lexicon has been grounded by mobile robots on perceptual sensory information (Steels and Vogt, 1997, Vogt, 1998a) In these experiments it has been observed that the feedback systems used ....

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication.

.... the hypothesis that language is a complex dynamical system it follows that the language could arise through self organization, see e.g. Prigogine and Strengers, 1984) The models that are used are similar to those used by (Werner and Dyer, 1991) McLennan, 1991) Kirby and Hurford, 1997) and (Oliphant, 1996). An overview of research in this field can be found in (Hurford et al. 1998) In previous experiments (Steels and Vogt, 1997) Vogt, 1998a) a lexicon has been grounded by mobile robots on perceptual sensory information. In these experiments it was found that the feedback systems used were not ....

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. Biosystems, 1-2(37):31--38.

....highest score. This generates the desired positive feedback loop bringing the group progressively towards global coherence. The naming game has been explored through computational simulations and is related to systems proposed and investigated by [MacLennan, 1991] Werner and Dyer, 1991] and [Oliphant, 1996]. We have developed more complex variations of the game where the meaning consist of symbolic descriptions derived from discrimination games [Steels, 1997a] The game has also been implemented on physically grounded mobile robotic agents [Steels and Vogt, 1997] and on visionbased robotic talking ....

....f 2 when m 1 needs to be expressed (and not f 1 ) When f 1 is heard, the same agent nevertheless expects m 1 . The pair m 1 ; f 1 is in the expected language but not in the produced language. The expected language includes the production language but not vice versa. See [Hurford, 1989] and [Oliphant, 1996] for a further exploration of the coordination between production and comprehension systems. f 1 f 2 m 1 0.6 0.7 m 2 0.4 0.3 Given the preferred language for a single agent, it is straightforward to determine the language of the group as being the set of word meaning associations that are ....

M. Oliphant. The dilemma of saussurean communication. Biosystems, 1--2(37):31--38, 1996.

.... aspects of the emergence of language ranging from lexicons, meaning, phonetics, syntax and language change, for an overview see (Steels, 1997) Also research is underway on the evolution of communication (De Jong, 1997) Our language system is comparable to the ones for instance described in (Oliphant, 1996), McLennan, 1991) and (Werner and Dyer, 1991) Most of our experiments were carried out in computer simulations, whereas some other were grounded in physical robotic experiments like in the emergence of phonetics (De Boer, 1998) the talking heads experiment (Belpaeme et al. 1998) and in ....

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. Biosystems, 1-2(37):31-- 38.

....was in the interests of both parties as it allowed mating to take place at better than chance frequencies. In MacLennan Burghardt s (1994) model, signallers and receivers were rewarded if and only if they engaged in successful communicative interactions. Other AL models (Ackley Littman 1994; Oliphant 1996) have looked at the special case where communication would benefit receivers, but the potential signallers are indifferent. Oliphant argues that this is a good way to model the evolution of alarm calls, for example: if one bird in a flock spots an approaching hawk, it is clear that its ....

....Effect on Cooperation, mutualism competition receiver on signaller Effect Figure 1: Possible communication scenarios classified by their effects on the fitness of each participant. call would be located in the altruism quadrant. The situations modelled by Ackley Littman (1994) and Oliphant (1996), where receivers benefit but signallers are ambivalent, can be thought of as points on the positive vertical axis, i.e. where P S = 0 and PR 0. Conflicts of interest can be defined as interactions in which natural selection favours different outcomes for each participant (Trivers 1974) or in ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Oliphant, M. 1996. The dilemma of Saussurean communication.

.... from one generation to the next, and evolve, we have developed a minimal model of language use in a dynamically evolving population, called the naming game (Steels, 1996) The naming game has been explored through computational simulations and is related to systems proposed and investigated by (Oliphant, 1996), MacLennan, 1991) Werner and Dyer, 1991) a.o. It has even been implemented on robotic agents who develop autonomously a shared lexicon grounded in their sensori motor experiences (Steels and Vogt, 1997) Steels, 1997) The naming game focuses on associating form and meaning. Obviously in ....

M. Oliphant. 1996. The dilemma of saussurean communication. Biosystems, 1--2(37):31--38.

....learner only hears utterances that are produced nearby. Or more mathematically a 2 dimensional Gaussian distribution can be used to weight the utterances produced, so that the closer a speaker is to a learner, the more his her utterances contribute to that learner s acquisition. Kirby (1996) and Oliphant (1996) illustrate the profound differences that spatial organisation can make on a model. 3.5 Summary In duplicating the work done by Niyogi Berwick some of the details of the TLA and an overall perspective on the model are seen. The randomness present in acquisition with a very low maturation level ....

Oliphant, M. (1996), `The dilemma of saussurean communication', BioSystems 37, 31-- 38.

....of the third. ally we see one set of weights converging to the negative of the other (Table 4) Both of these results suggest a limited number of possible languages, perhaps based on a deep structure of our artificial language. We believe that this last point is an extension of that discussed in [9] and is worthy of future investigation. 6 Experiment 2 Different Forms of Life The above set of experiments assumed that all the agents were equally capable of extracting the same independent sources from the environment: each agent had the same number of representation neurons and so had ....

M. Oliphant. The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37:31--38, 1996.

....our intuitions about the evolution of even simple dynamical systems are often wrong. Recently many researchers have responded to these problems in tackling the origins of human language by taking a computational perspective (for example, Hurford 1989; Hurford 1991; MacLennan 1991; Batali 1994; Oliphant 1996; Cangelosi Parisi 1996; Steels 1996; Kirby Hurford 1997; Briscoe 1997) This paper follows on from this line of work, and also borrows from language learning algorithms developed in computational linguistics (namely, Stolcke 1994) in order to see if a significant portion of the evolution of ....

OLIPHANT, MICHAEL. 1996. The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37.31-- 38.

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Michael Oliphant. The dilemma of Saussurean communication. BioSystems, pages 31--38, 1996. REFERENCES 44

....provides a very effective means of tuning innate systems of communication. Game theoretic approaches (Warneryd, 1993; Blume, Kim, and Sobel, 1993; Kim and Sobel, 1995; Skyrms, 1996) and an increasingly large literature of computational modeling work (Werner and Dyer, 1991; Oliphant, 1993; Oliphant, 1996; MacLennan and Burghardt, 1994; Ackley and Littman, 1994; Levin, 1995; Cangelosi and Parisi, 1996; Bullock, 1997; Werner and Todd, 1997; de Bourcier and Wheeler, 1997; Di Paolo, 1997; Noble, 1998) have given us a good understanding of how such innate mappings can be tuned by selection. If the ....

Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37 (1-2), 31--38.

....environment in which part of this work was done. Finally, I would like to thank Sherry Patheal for her moral and financial support and just for being really, really cute. Much of the work on evolved communication systems presented in chapter IV is based work published in Oliphant (1995) and Oliphant (1996). The simulations on the spatialized prisoner s dilemma presented in section IV.G.4 are based on work published in Oliphant (1994) and Oliphant (1995) Some of the work on statistical learning procedures presented in section VI.D is based on work originally described in Oliphant and Batali ....

....San Diego 1993 M.Sc. University of California, San Diego 1994 1996 Teaching Research Assistant, Department of Cognitive Science University of California, San Diego 1997 Fellow, Collegium Budapest Budapest, Hungary 1997 Doctor of Philosophy University of California, San Diego PUBLICATIONS Oliphant, M. Batali, J. 1997) Learning and the emergence of coordinated communication. Center for Research on Language Newsletter. Volume 11, Number 1. Oliphant, M. 1996) The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37(1 2) pp. 31 38. Oliphant, M. 1995) Selfish genes and altruistic ....

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Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems 37 (1-2), 31--38.

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Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of Saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37, 31--38.

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Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of Saussurean communication.

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Oliphant, M. (1996), `The dilemma of saussurean communication', BioSystems, 37: 31-38.

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Oliphant, M. (1996). The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37 (1-2):31-- 38.

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Oliphant, M. (1996) The dilemma of Saussurean communication. Biosystems, 37 (1-2), pp. 31-38.

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