Malone, T. (1983). How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Trans. on Info. Systems, 1(1). p. 99-112.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....makes the assumption that the documents in a collection will be unfamiliar to the user, but there has also been some interest in studying personal information management: how people organise familiar documents such as electronic mail messages or word processed files. In an early study, Malone [75] interviewed office workers about how they organised the paper documents on their desks, and observed that there were large individual differences in degree of organisation. Some of his participants had systematically organised almost all of their documents into what he called files: explicitly ....

....clear that systems should aim to provide a range of different annotation features, to suit all preferences from assigning keywords to recording spoken comments. However, given the importance of browsing for this type of collection, systems should aim to support this above all else. As Malone [75] states, computer systems may be able to help users by performing some automatic classification, which for digital photographs could be done using their date and time stamps. An interesting question still to be answered is whether people will want to have digital versions of their existing print ....

T. W. Malone. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1):99--112, 1983.

....their state and location is saved automatically and preserved between sessions. People use desk organization to remind themselves to Figure 9. Dragging a document into the fovea. of tasks, and to loosely categorize documents into piles that complement more formal, long term filing systems [Ma183]. The Escritoire supports this behaviour, but this time the messy desk contains virtual mess that disappears at the touch of a button. The arrangement of documents could be enhanced by allowing them to be placed at any angle. This feature for conventional windows has been developed by ....

Malone, T. W. How do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Trans. Office Info. Systems 1, No. 1, pp. 99-112, 1983.

....provide uniform access to diverse collections. However, uniform access protocols should not hide the heterogeneity of information and access methods. People working in an office make use of a rich set of visual and physical cues when arranging and seeking information. Many studies of office work [1, 14] show that people are surprisingly adept and resourceful at using such cues to organize, access, and use information. For this reason, we believe that representing information about collections and their contained items so called meta information is needed not just to support integration ....

Malone, T.W. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Trans. Off. Info. Syst. 1, 1 (1983), 99--112.

....into the specific folders (many documents belong to more than one category) Management of digitized data (e.g. phonographs or audio) is even more problematic because there is no easy way to search for them. Malone et al. observed that people spatially organize documents on their real desktop [1]. Mander et al. proposed a Pile metaphor, where files can be piled on the computer desktop, for casual organization of information [2] We also observed that many users prefer to place icons directly on the desktop without using document folders. On the other hand, Freeman et al. argued that a ....

Thomas W. Malone. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. in ACM Trans. On Office Systems, 1(1) 99112, 1983.

....provides support for the GUIs of multiple machines, treating them simply as documents to be manipulated. People use desk organization to remind themselves to do things, and to loosely categorize information by placing it in groups and piles that complement more formal, long term filing systems [16]. The Escritoire supports this behaviour, but this time the messy desk contains virtual mess that disappears at the touch of a button. 10 FUTURE WORK The pile metaphor [17] developed at Apple Computer was intended to support informal categorization and browsing. The notion of piles will be ....

MALONE, T. W. How do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1, 1 (1983), 99--112. Now called ACM Trans. on Inform. Sys.

....file system located in Web servers distributed around the world. Users create their own personal information space for the Web by making bookmarks, structuring the resulting collection, and managing its growth. Personal information spaces have been studied in a variety of contexts (e.g. [6], 2] and [7] Yet very little empirical research on Web users has been done and this research is the first in depth empirical study of personal Web information spaces. Our goal was to uncover basic aspects of bookmarking behavior as a prelude to modeling large scale information archiving, ....

Malone, T.W. (1983) How Do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1, 99-112.

.... offices, people tend to organize their physical environment based on general parameters such as how objects relate to other objects, how often they are used, the urgency of dealing with issues connected to them, personal interests as well as personal preferences for how to organize their workspace [6]. Seeing Wellner s DigitalDesk [10] as a starting point, there has been a continuous interest in merging the physical and virtual worlds in office environments and in more specialized settings such as [1, 5] Although knowledge work activities often involve extensive use of the virtual ....

Malone, T. W.: How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. In: ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1983) 99-112

....different documents or different portions of the same document can be readily juxtaposed) all support spatialized content. Office workers frequently shuffle papers to make sense of them, and use the physical space around their offices as important adjuncts to their more organized file cabinets [13, 14]. Sometimes links are noted physically or graphically in these media in computational media, lines are drawn from one content item to another, or boxes group multiple items; in noncomputational environments, people fasten documents together with paper clips, staple them, put rubber bands around ....

Malone, T.W. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Trans. Off. Info. Syst. 1, 1 (Jan. 1983), 99--112.

....Note that users do not inhabit a position in space and have a history of visited places unless the user interface provides it. 2.2. Spatial User Interface Metaphors The usefulness of spatial metaphors is intuitively understandable and proven in several studies, like [4] Two earlier studies are [24, 30]. However spatial metaphors do have their shortcomings which need to be addressed to make them the basis of an information system. An advantage of spatial organization schemes is the user s initial familiarity with them. Most people organize objects in a spatial way, and have strongly developed ....

Malone, T. How Do people Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1, 1, (1983), pp. 99-112.

....Email use, Field study, Information Types, Temporal attributes of information. INTRODUCTION An on going research project is exploring the use of PIM tools in time, and attempts to establish temporal attributes of information. Many researchers have studied how people organize information [3], 5] 1] use email [7] One commonly recognized problem is scattering pieces of related information across different computer applications and other media (e.g. paper notebooks) We suggest that this is due not only to weak integration of tools, but also due to the traditional use of PIM tools. ....

Malone, T. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems , 1, 99--112. 1983.

....interaction ambiguities and or let the system suggest relevant material that the user might have overlooked. Another feature of this model is that it reduces the need for explicit definitions of artefact relationships and categorisation, which is a task connected to significant cognitive effort [6]. It also opens up for a less predefined and a more individual organisation and interaction style compared to the kind of well structured dialogue driven Human Computer Interaction common today. Based on previous activity sequences the system could also try to predict what artefact or what system ....

Malone, T. (1983) How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the design of office information systems, in ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), 99-112, January 1983.

....natural and artificial information systems will evolve towards stable states that maximize gains of valuable information per unit cost Structures that are so adapted may often be recognized in physical workspaces that are home to recurrent tasks. Research on office organization (Case, 1991; Malone, 1983; Soper, 1976) shows that action items associated with ongoing tasks are most readily at hand, often in stacks and piles on office surfaces, a personal archive is located in conventional shelves and office furniture, and other archival information is stored or available at further distances from ....

Malone, T. (1983). How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office systems. ACM Transactions on Office Systems, 1, 25-32.

....and communicating with others by e mail. These activities also create a large amount of data and, in a sense, represent our personal history. We certainly need computer support to managing them. Malone et al. observed that people organize the documents on their real desktops spatially [13], and Mander et al. developed a Pile metaphor for the casual organization of information represented as files piled on the computer desktop [14] Many people prefer keeping document icons on the desktop instead of storing them in document folders (Figure 1) The popularity of this habit implies ....

Thomas W. Malone. How do people organize their desks? implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Trans. On Office Systems, 1(1):99--112, 1983.

....but one of the reading group members reported that they would save the paper, either in topical files, or in their piles of papers from the reading group. Their strategies are very much in line with those reported in other studies of how people organize their documents in the course of office work [9], 10] The single outlying reading group member deserves brief attention, however, because we have observed his strategy elsewhere. He does not save papers, but rather explained that he throws them away, and said if I ever need access to the paper again because I remember there was something good ....

Malone, T.W. (1983) How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM TOIS 1, 1 (January 1983), 99-112.

....objects to help them think. There is also a variety of work on how people encode and use spatial information about their environment. Malone asked ten office workers to locate items in their offices in order to understand the different strategies people use for filing and retrieving information [18]. While his results suggested that office workers, particularly those with neat offices, were good at finding documents within them, more formal work on this question has suggested that it can be difficult to rely on location information alone for recall [7] 16] 20] Dumais and Jones found that ....

Malone, T.W. How do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1, 1 (January 1983), 99-112.

....While windows based systems allow the user to arrange windows spatially anywhere on the monitor, these systems do not offer anywhere near the freedom of placement that is inherent in the threedimensional physical world. The limitations of the desktop metaphor have been known for some time [1]. The fields of Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computing are demonstrating the potential value in moving computing out of its traditional context of a box on a desk and out into other contexts in the physical world. An increasing number of researchers are developing prototypes that illustrate ....

Malone, T., How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Systems, 1(1):99112, January 1993.

.... of text on paper versus screen (Card et al. 1985; Gould, 1980; Haas, 1989) In addition to laboratory studies, observational, interview, and questionnaire techniques have been used to examine how people use paper to organise information in their offices (e.g. Cole, 1982; Lansdale, 1988; Malone, 1983), and have been used in comparing paper and electronic calendars in office work (Kincaid et al. 1985; Payne, 1993) Other studies focus on the impact of converting from paper to electronic media for patient records (Pettersson, 1989) magazines (Koons et al. 1992) and books (Egan et al. 1989; ....

Malone, T.W. (1983). How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), 99-112.

....by breaking it. The usefulness of spatial metaphors is intuitively understandable as well as proven in several studies. Two studies that reported independently that users like to organize information spatially are summarized in [5] Two other important, but earlier papers on this topic are [31, 5 39]. However spatial metaphors do have their problems which need to be addressed to make them the basis of an information system. 3.1. Advantages of spatialization An advantage of spatial organization schemes is their initial familiarity for users. Most people organize objects spatially be it in ....

Malone, T. How Do people Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1, 1, (1983), pp. 99-112.

....memories associated with them. He or she may have developed a personal classification system for them. In this sense, they are like personal documents, the organisation of which has been the subject of a number of studies. For example, in 1983 Thomas Malone published a highly influential paper [6] reporting the results of interviews with ten office workers about how they organise the information on their desks, and discussing how this might affect the design of computer based office information systems. Of course, there are also important differences between office documents and personal ....

Thomas W. Malone. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1):99--112, 1983.

....cut and paste. As stated by Card et al. 6] the computer display is used not only as a communication medium but also as an external memory for users. Thus having all the necessary information on the screen and filtering out unnecessary windows is a required property of windowing systems. Malone [16] observed that the way people organize papers on their desk helps them to structure their work and reminds them of unfinished tasks. As Funke et al. 11] suggested, windowing systems should support users to integrate, organize, compare, distill, summarize, and apply the information. MOTIVATION ....

....the spatial cues in the organization of windows. The layout provides the user with an overview of all correspondence, where users can pick any category and work on it. Multi window operations: Typically, people organize papers on their desk as piles, and move all of them simultaneously. Malone [16] found out that users like to group items spatially. We claim that providing multi windowoperations on groups of windows can decrease the cognitive load on users by decreasing the number of window operations. Figure 1: Mail tool application: Organization of correspondence in a hierarchical ....

Malone, T. W., How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office automation systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1, pp. 99-112.

....level. In Elastic Windows, however, multi level task focus is provided by allowing users to make any window full screen at any point in the hierarchy (Figure 2) Multiple Window Operations Typically, people organize papers on their desk as piles, and move all of them simultaneously. Malone [14] found that users like to group items spatially. Multi window operations on groups of windows can decrease the cognitive load on users by decreasing the number of window operations. Figure 3: a) An empty container window opened on the right b) Multi window open for selected items In Elastic ....

Malone, T. W., How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office automation systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1, pp. 99-112.

....a given category, the system should be capable of summarizing the whole lot on a single screen. For some types of documents, pictures or animations will be good vehicles for summaries. 5. Computers should make reminding convenient. Reminding is a critical function of computer based systems [13][12] yet current systems supply little or no support for it. Users are forced either to use location on their graphical desktops as reminding cues or to use add on applications such as calendar managers. We have argued that the former is a mere coping strategy (for lack of a better method) 6] ....

.... why bother with the underlying time based ordering For several reasons: time is a natural guide to experience; it is the attribute that comes closest to a universal skeleton key for stored experience (Malone, for example, suggests the utility of time based organization in his early studies [13]. The stream adds historical context to a document collection; all documents eventually become read only (in the past, set in stone for history) and the stream preserves the order and method of their creation. Like a diary, a stream documents work, correspondence and transactions. Although ....

Thomas W. Malone. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Systems, 1(1):99--112, January 1983.

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Malone, T. (1983). How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Trans. on Info. Systems, 1(1). p. 99-112.

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T. W. Malone. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of o#ce information systems. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., 1(1):99--112, 1983.

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Malone, T.W. How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 1 (1), 1983. 99 - 112.

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Malone, T. W. How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), January 1983, pp. 99-112.

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Malone, T. W. (1983). How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office automation systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1 (1), 99-112.

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Malone, T.W.: How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of o#ce information systems. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 1 (1983) 99--112

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Malone, T. W. 1983. How do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v. 1 n. 1, p 99-112, Jan 1983.

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Malone, T.: How do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), ACM Press (1983) 99-112

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Malone, T. How do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), pp 99-112, ACM Press 1983.

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Malone, T. How do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), pp 99-112, ACM Press 1983.

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Thomas W. Malone. How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, (1):99--112, 1983.

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Malone, T. How do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), pp 99-112, ACM Press 1983. 249

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Malone, T. W. How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. In ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pages 99-112, 1983.

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Malone, T. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM TOIS 1,1 (1983), 99--112.

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Malone, T.W.: How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Oce Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Oce Information Systems (1983) 99-112

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Malone, T. W. (1983). How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office automation systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems I, 99-112.

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Malone, T. W. How Do People Organize Their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1,1 (1983), 99-112.

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Malone, T. W. (1983). How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office automation systems, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 1 (1), 99-112.

No context found.

Malone, T.W. How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1 (1983), 99-112.

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T.W. Malone. (January 1983). How do People Organize their Desks? Implications for the Design of Office Information Systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1), 99-112.

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Thomas W. Malone. 1983. How do people organize their desks? implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 1(1):11--112.

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