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Bailey, Guy and Natalie Maynor 1985a. The present tense of BE in Southern black folk speech. American Speech 60:195-213.

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Coexistent Systems In African-American English - William Labov University   (Correct)

.... of southern rural blacks to urban centers (Bailey and Maynor 1985a,b, 1987, 1989, Bailey 1993) Their repeated studies show that children and teen agers, especially those with urban connections, generally use [nonfinite be] V ing to mark durative habitual actions while the older adults never do (Bailey 1993:303) In the earlier pattern, reflected in the narratives of ex slaves as well, nonfinite be appears to have been an alternate of finite be, with similar syntactic and semantic distribution. The work of Rickford and his associates in East Palo Alto shows a similar recent increase in the frequency ....

Bailey, Guy and Natalie Maynor 1985a. The present tense of BE in Southern black folk speech. American Speech 60:195-213.


The Regional Context of Earlier African-American Speech.. - Wolfram, Thomas, Green (2000)   (Correct)

....of localized dialect structures on earlier African American speakers. Finally, there are continuing issues related to change in contemporary AAVE. Based on research conducted by Labov and his colleagues in Philadelphia (Labov 1987, Myhill Harris 1986, Dayton 1996) and Bailey and his colleagues (Bailey Maynor 1985, 1987, 1989) in the South, it was concluded that AAVE is actually diverging from rather than converging with surrounding vernaculars due to the independent development of a tense mood aspect system that makes it more distant from comparable European American vernacular varieties. There is, ....

....Are Deletion Euro. American Is Deletion Euro. American Are Deletion 23 It is quite clear that copula absence is a distinctly African American trait in Hyde County. Although some rural Southern European American vernacular varieties share copula absence to a limited degree (Wolfram 1974a, Bailey Maynor 1985), Pamlico Sound English is not one of them (Wolfram, Hazen, Tamburro 1997) Thus, we see a significant discontinuity in both earlier and current versions of African American and European American speech in Hyde County with respect to copula absence. At the same time, the variable constraints on ....

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Bailey, Guy & Maynor, Natalie (1985). The present tense of be in Southern Black folk speech.

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