Flores, F., Graves,M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. "Computer Systems and the design of organizational interaction". In Ronald M. Baecker, editor, Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting HumanHuman Collaboration, pp. 504-513. Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, Inc., 1993.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....actions in which they work, rather than the mental state of individuals. The basic idea is that social activity is carried out by language and communication. The pragmatic nature of communication as the way of creating commitments among participants is exploited in the Coordinator system [Flores et al. 1988]. In the same vein, Auramaki et al. 1988] present a method for modeling offices as systems of communicative action through which people engage in actions by creating, modifying and deleting commitments that bind their current and future behaviors. The work of Lee [1988] looks at language acts in ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B. and Wionograd, T. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, april 1988, 153-172.

....actions in which they work, rather than the mental state of individuals. The basic idea is that social activity is carried out by language and communication. The pragmatic nature of communication as the way of creating commitments among participants is exploited in the Coordinator system [8]. In the same vein, Auramaki [1] presents a method for modeling offices as systems of communicative action through which people engage in actions by creating, modifying and deleting commitments that bind their current and future behaviors. The work of Lee [14] looks at language acts in the ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B. and Wionograd, T. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction, A CM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, april 1988, 153-172.

....responses explicitly would make the process description lose its value as it would become hopelessly unwieldy and hard to understand. A challenge for workflow systems, then, is to combine and manage both procedural and non procedural interactions appropriately. Conversation based models (e.g. [6]) are appropriate for non procedural interactions but are oten overkill for structured processes where agreements to perform work do not need to be negotiated every time. It is therefore necessary for users to be able to switch back and forth gracefully between these two modes of interaction. An ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., and Winograd, T. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Trans. Office Information Systems 6, 2 (April 1988), 153-172.

....of work practices. On this basis we have defined a new conversation model, the Milan Conversation Model, and we are designing a new conversation handler implementing it. KEYWORDS Language action perspective, conversation, work process, commitment INTRODUCTION Language action perspective [11, 12, 13, 33, 34, 35, 16] is one of the relevant theoretical contributions which has appeared within Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Fernando Flores and his co workers [13] propose the following claim as the basis for the language action perspective: human beings are fundamentally linguistic beings: action happens ....

Winograd, T., Flores, F., Graves, M. & Hartfield, B. Computer System and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM TOIS, 6, 2, 1988, pp.153-172.

....based on intelligent work objects [Kar90] can be modeled using script rules. The work object contains the necessary data and state information. A script rule containing the routing information is activated whenever the user opens a form on the work object. Process models based on Speech Acts [Flo93] can be modeled using high level rules. Conversation objects contain the necessary data and state information. The condition expression refers to a matrix describing permissible state transitions. Default acts on conversations, such as promise, decline or counteroffer can be configured by action ....

Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield and Terry Winograd, Computer Systems and the Design of 10 Organizational Interaction, Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Morgan Kaufmann, 1993

....guidance and structure to social interactions in the work place. Some such systems focus on structuring the process or flow of work within a group or organization (known as workflow systems) Perhaps the best known existing workflow system for structuring social interactions is the Coordinator [8]. This system formalizes transactions between users of an e mail system, in accordance with different linguistic actions. Milano [1] is another system that focuses on structuring the workflow of an organization through emails. Milano [1] provides a global context to specific social interchanges, ....

Flores F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B. and Winograd, T. Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM, 1988.

....interactions. Other micro and macro tools are under consideration that would display alternative interpretations of events relative to a well developed philosophy or theory of communication. 5. 2 Recovering conflict in collaboration processes The language action perspective, as articulated by Flores, Graves, Hartfield, Winograd (1988, p. 156) translates the observation that language is a means for taking action into a novel basis for designing technological support for human action: The orientation within which we go about design is one that allows human beings to observe their producing and acting in a world ....

.... working it into the flow of human interaction in manner that helps people collaboratively manage breakdown: Design can improve the capacity of people to act by producing a reorganization of practices in coherence with the essential, ineliminable nature of human interaction and cooperation (Flores et al., 1988, p. 156) This design stance was expressed, for instance, in the coordinator application (Flores et al. 1988; Winograd Flores, 1986) This design stance is also consistent with a tradition in organizational theory that emphasizes the role of the manager, management, policies, and computing ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, T. Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), 153-172, 1988.

....via their conversation. The underlying theoretical basis for such systems is speech act theory; see Searle (1969) One of the most well known systems is the Coordinator, which is based on a set of speech acts (i.e. requests, promises, etc. and contains a model of legal conversation moves; see Flores et al. (1988). As users make conversation moves, typically through elecronic mail, the system tracks their requests and commitments. Communication structure oriented models describe organizational activities in terms of role relationships. For example Holt (1988) describes a system in which a person s ....

Flores, F., M. Graves, B. Hartfield and T. Winograd (1988) Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction, ACM Transactions of Office Information Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, April, pp. 153-172.

....This makes it possible to detect mismatches between the client and server view early. e.g. claims can only be settled after a contract has been signed. 4. The model of business conversations The leitmotiv of the Business Conversation model are speech acts between customers and performers [Wino87,FGHW88,MWFF92]. For example, an enterprise or a business unit is viewed as an agent that is involved in a number of (long term) business conversations with other agents like customers, suppliers or government agencies. Within each of these conversations, each agent has a fixed role (either customer or ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., und Winograd, T. Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), 1988, 153-172.

....from the interface to begin each contribution. McManus and Aiken (1995) take this approach in their Group Leader system. Group Leader builds upon the concept that a conversation can be understood as a series of conversational acts (e.g. Request, Mediate) that correspond to users intentions (Flores, Graves, Hartfield, and Winograd, 1988). Like Flores et al. s Coordinator system, Group Leader uses state transition matrices to define what conversation acts should appropriately follow other acts, however unlike the Coordinator, users are not restricted to using certain acts based on the system s beliefs. Group Leader compares ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. (1988). Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), 153-172.

....of groupware support and collaboration guidance. Among the groupware tools, Object Lens[LYM88] uses semi structured objects combining object oriented databases, hypertext, electronic messaging, and rule based intelligent agents to provide a spreadsheet for cooperative work. The Coordinator[FGHW88] drives actions with a semi structure message system. Lotus Notes[Mar91] provides shared document manager, replication algorithm, and customer contact tracking to facilitate a distributed Collaborative Editing System[GS87] All these tools failed to provide a sound information structure where ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd. "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction". ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2):153--172, April 1988.

....presents an approach to group work support where semi autonomous agents assist in managing relationships between objects representing who requested what and who did what . Expressing normative relations and (speech) actions are also an important topic in the approach developed by Flores et al. [8]. 6 Thus, two requirements for agent programming languages suited to develop support for group collaboration can be formulated: 1. adequate treatment of normative relations, and 2. the capacity for reasoning about actions. These two requirements can be extended to also include the actions ....

Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. Transactions of office information systems, 6(2):153--172, 1988.

....in the graph) along with processing actions that need to occur as the work flows through the procedure. Action Workflow. The ActionWorkflow product [43, 51] has earned a reputation for supporting workflow technology based on its underlying speech act model of how people work with one another [52]. The system is designed on the premise that when work is to be conducted, there is someone who wants the work done, and someone else who will perform the work [43] The Workflow Analyst is the component of the system that is used to model procedures. The tool enables end users to construct a ....

Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2):153--172, April 1988.

.... system [Neu90a] shared window systems [Lau90a] the FLECSE collaborative software development environment [Dew93a] the GROVE outline editor [Ell91a] the TeleConf audio conferencing system [Rie92a] shared awareness spaces [Dou92a, Man91a] the Information Lens [Mal87a] the Coordinator [Flo88a], computational mail [Bor92a] and a voting tool [Dew93a] In our discussion, we assume that each of these applications is cost effective and works well for the purpose for which it has been designed. This is currently a strong assumption since the area of CSCW applications is still in its ....

....in the library, and so on. The sorting allows the recipients to prioritize specific messages and find general messages of interest. It is often difficult for an instructor to keep track of the various conversations with the students and other instructors. In our course, the Coordinator [Flo88a] is used to solve this problem. The tool allows, for instance, the composers of requests for placing papers books in the library to specify the date by which they would want the action completed, and automatically generates reminder messages for the addressee. The Coordinator is not a substitute ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd, "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction," ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 6:2 (1988), pp. 153-172.

....dichotomy between designers , programmers , and implementers on the one hand and the social analyst on the other. Indeed, early collaborative systems were awkward. In the 1980s, many researchers made roles, rules, and even floor control necessarily explicit when using a system. The Coordinator (Flores, Graves, Hartfield, Winograd, 1988) has been much maligned over its explicit roles and rules; one necessarily had to respond to requests for action. However, one can see explicitness as a design criterion in other CSCW systems, including gIBIS (Conklin, Begeman, 1988) and MPCAL (Greif, Sarin, 1987) There were notable ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. (1988). Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), 153-172.

....based on intelligent work objects [Kar90] can be modeled using script rules. The work object contains the necessary data and state information. A script rule describing the routing algorithm is activated whenever the user opens a form on the work object. Process models based on Speech Acts [Flo93] can be modeled using high level rules. Conversation objects contain the necessary data and state information. The condition expression refers to a matrix describing permissible state transitions. Default acts on conversations, such as promise, decline or counter offer can be configured by means ....

Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield and Terry Winograd, Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction, Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Morgan Kaufmann, 1993

....domain abstractions is the one consisting of schemas for communicative structures, and that a language with deontic and illocutionary constructs is adequate for describing such domain abstractions. Our hypothesis is that there is some basic communicative structure, cf. for example Flores circle, [Flores88], which can be elaborated in various ways to more complex structures, thereby giving rise to a set of interrelated domain abstractions. Acknowledgements Thanks to the anonymous reviewers, Prof. Jan Dietz, and Prof. Kalle Lyytinen for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper. ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield and T. Winograd, "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction", ACM TOIS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153-172, 1988.

....domain abstractions is the one consisting of schemas for communicative structures, and that a language with deontic and illocutionary constructs is adequate for describing such domain abstractions. Our hypothesis is that there is some basic communicative structure, cf. for example Flores circle, [Flores88], which can be elaborated in various ways to more complex structures, thereby giving rise to a set of interrelated domain abstractions. 6 ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield and T. Winograd, "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction", ACM TOIS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153-172, 1988.

.... problems, we propose not to use object oriented component interface definitions but process oriented component interface definitions (which are based on a high level content model) between subsystems of a business information system following the language action perspective on cooperative work [41, 14, 36, 6]. In the rest of this section, we will explain our model [26, 28, 31, 20, 40, 29] The model concepts are illustrated in Figure 2. In a first step, we identify actors in a business information system. An actor can either be a human or a software component which may be an active process (thread, ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2):153--172 (1988).

....based on intelligent work objects [Kar90] can be modeled using script rules. The work object contains the necessary data and state information. A script rule describing the routing algorithm is activated whenever the user opens a form on the work object. Process models based on Speech Acts [Flo93] can be modeled using high level rules. Conversation objects contain the necessary data and state information. The condition expression refers to a matrix describing permissible state transitions. Default acts on conversations, such as promise, decline or counter offer can be configured by means ....

Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield and Terry Winograd, Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction, Readings in Groupware and ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, Morgan Kaufmann, 1993

....because the underlying 1 The first version of this paper was written while Carla Simone was with the University of Milano. Schmidt and Simone Coordination mechanisms 2 protocol was not accessible and could not be modified (e.g. The Coordinator, cf. Winograd, 1986; Winograd and Flores, 1986; Flores et al. 1988), or because the facilities for changing the protocol did not support actors in modifying the protocol (e.g. DOMINO, cf. Kreifelts et al. 1991a; Kreifelts et al. 1991b) In response to these initial experiences, a number of research projects have attempted to make coordination facilities ....

Flores, Fernando, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd (1988): Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153-172.

.... among interdependent actors, such as ethnographic studies of how interaction is organized, e.g. Hughes et al. 1992; Heath et al. 1993) support of real time high bandwith communication and Media Space, e.g. Benford and Fahln, 1993; Ishii et al. 1993) and modelling the communication, e.g. (Flores et al. 1988). Although most of the empirically studies in the CSCW field analyze work settings involving many interdependent actors, they primarily focus on the work of relatively few. Furthermore, the domains investigated are most often characterized by a high degree of monitoring and regulating (often ....

Flores, Fernando, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd (1988): Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153-172.

.... (Turoff 1991; Sproull and Kiesler 1991) They can also negotiate and schedule activities on group calendars (Lange 1992) Managers and workers can coordinate commitments through semi structured and structured messaging systems (e.g. Object Lens by Malone, Lai and Fry 1992; the Coordinator by Flores et.al 1988; Lotus Notes TM) Teams can track activities through workflow systems (Abbot and Sarin 1994) Organizations can also post and retrieve documentation comprising an organizational memory through hypertext systems that act as an organizational memory (Conklin 1992) Similarly, there are different ....

Flores F., Graves M., Hartfield B., and Winograd T. (1988). Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), pp. 153-172.

....that of Austin s theory, as elaborated by Searle and evangelized by Winograd Flores (1986) This new orientation in design is directed towards the development of computer software for organizational communication and action. Organizations are viewed as networks of commitments and undertakings [16]. The speech act based approach to design has been explored, discussed, and criticized in a number of papers. Pioneering work was made by Winograd, Flores et al. 16, 26, 36, 37] and Auram ki, Lyytinen et al. 3 6] Several broader views of IT and its role in the context of work, collaboration and ....

....computer software for organizational communication and action. Organizations are viewed as networks of commitments and undertakings [16] The speech act based approach to design has been explored, discussed, and criticized in a number of papers. Pioneering work was made by Winograd, Flores et al. [16, 26, 36, 37] and Auram ki, Lyytinen et al. 3 6] Several broader views of IT and its role in the context of work, collaboration and communication naturally also exist, e.g. theories of decision making, group process theories, institutional theories, co ordination theory et cetera [8] One easily could ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B. & Winograd, T. Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6, 2, 1988, 153-172.

....this section we describe the first collaborative system used for the combination. It is the asynchronous activity support system TACTS that primarily supports the structuring, execution and history of activities of a single user. The system supports activities in a way similar to the Coordinator [4], and supports office procedure plans as does the Domino System [6] However, the combination with IRIS only concerns the class of activities which represent work on a document. Among others, TACTS supports editing, transformation, printing and the sending of documents by electronic mail. A full ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., Winograd, T.: Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 6:2, 153--172 (Apr. 1988)

....controllers, reference objects, and repositories of organizational data. The important point is that the scenario coordinator not overwhelm individuals with data but provide individuals with access to the right data in context. Communication Media Communication is essential for collaboration [9,15]. Often, disturbances require the attention of several individuals. In order to effectively assist groups of individuals as they (a) synchronously resolve disturbances, communication mechanisms must be available. The scenario coordinator initially supports asynchronous communication via shared ....

Flores, F., Graves,M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. "Computer Systems and the design of organizational interaction". In Ronald M. Baecker, editor, Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting Human-Human Collaboration, pp. 504-513. Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, Inc., 1993.

....behaviour with linguistic knowledge. In [BurR95a] BurR95b] linguistic knowledge is used for modeling behavioural aspects in database design. The linguistic characteristics of words and the combination of them will connected with a special event model for paraphrasing the sequence of processes. [FloGHW88], KenW91] give a generell approach to modeling of processes and work flows in natural language utterances. The conversation with the user aimed to capturing information with specific questions. The speech act theory is used. 3 The development and use of a knowledge base The first step in ....

Flores, F.; Graves, M.; Hartfield, B.; Winograd, T.: Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. In: ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 6, No.2, 1988

....Some of them typically occur in a strictly defined sequence (group 1) others are loosely related to this sequence. The basic taxonomy for speech acts in contracting discourses as proposed in the NATURE project is based on Winograd and Flores generic schema for conversation for action see, e.g. [10,15]. Taxonomy for speech acts in a contracting discourse: Group 1 (fully sequenced) make invitation, make request, decline request, inhibit request, create commitment, describe fulfilment of service, register claim, describe fulfilment of customer obligations, report completion of service, debit ....

Flores F, Graves M, Hartfield B, and Winograd T (1988) "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction", In ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6 (2), (pp. 87-108)

....involves two dimensions of technical support. One dimension involves the information structure for coordination and communication. In this sense, the NGPSS approach to coordination support falls into the category of structured languageaction systems exemplified by Flores and Winograd s Coordinator [Flores et al. 1988]. The initial NGPSS approach is aimed at providing more structure than the Coordinator, but not as much as attempted in gIBIS [Conklin Begeman, 1988] SIBYL [Lee, 1990] and REMAP [Ramesh Dhar, 1992] which have difficulties in scaling up to large systems. The NGPSS degree of automation is roughly ....

. F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd, "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction," ACM Trans. Office Info. Systems, April 1988, pp. 153172.

....and so will make easier the learning process. Simple collaborative systems can be readily used in several software development tasks. For instance, meetings can be arranged with a group meeting scheduling system, work assignments can be automatically reminded with a tool like the Coordinator [17] and documents can be circulated among team members using an appropriate groupware software. This in addition to the important collaborative tools for documentation and project management discussed above. We expect to see more integration in future developments. Some examples are powerful ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Trans. Off. Inf. Syst., 6(2):153--172, 1988.

....and WooRKS [3] 4.1. Action Technologies ActionWorkflow ActionWorkflow is a commercial product based on the language action approach where a business process is seen as a conversation between two particular roles a customer and a provider that occur whenever two actors conduct business [21, 14]. The process is seen as a closed loop ending with explicitly stated customer satisfaction, and applies to the primary dialog with an endcustomer as well as internal ( in house ) dialogs, thus forming a network of communication for actions and commitments. Figure 3 shows the phases of dialog. ....

....where primary workflows are coupled to secondary ones utilizing a link mechanism. Each phase might be decomposed into one or several subordinate workflows, with new and possibly reversed customer provider roles. In more detailed process modeling, the states of the action conversation from [14] becomes visible as components of the phases. Acts correspond to distinct types of interactions performed in the phases, moving the workflow towards completion, or ending it without completion. The four phases correspond to a minimum number of necessary acts, and each act changes the workflow ....

Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B. and Winograd, T., "Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction, "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153--172, 1988.

....and observers. Shared view systems using single user software often offer elaborate floor control systems to pass the single control stream between multiple viewers [Greenberg 90] Asynchronous CSCW applications can also exert control over social protocols. The Coordinator [Winograd 88, Flores 88] is a system based on speech act theory [Searle 69] Winograd 87] that tracks electronic conversations , enabling participants to request lists 17 of obligations they have to others, obligations others have to them, and deadlines. Information Lens [Malone 86] Object Lens [Lai 88] and Oval ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, T. Winograd. "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction." ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), April 1988. pp. 153-172.

....may include plug in modules for more complex forms of interaction, in support of cooperative and collaborative activities, such as agent negotiation, agent modeling, and performance histories and predictions. Other possible improvements and extensions may be based on the use of speech act theory [14, 37] as a foundation for the roles and rules of coordinated behavior in various types of discourses [27, 40] or in extending the Knowledge Query Manipulation Language (KQML) 12, 13] with new performatives. 6. Conclusions The three agent perspectives discussed herein are distinct, though they ....

Flores, F., M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd. 1988. "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction". ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 6(2), p. 153-172.

....two dimensions of technical support. One dimension involves the information structure for coordination and communication. In this sense, the WinWin approach to coordination support falls into the category of structured languageaction systems exemplified by Flores and Winograd s Coordinator [Flores et al. 1988]. The initial WinWin approach is aimed at providing more structure than the Coordinator, but not as much as attempted in gIBIS [Conklin Begeman, 1988] SIBYL [Lee, 1990] and REMAP [Ramesh Dhar, 1992] which have difficulties in scaling up to large systems. The WinWin degree of automation is ....

. F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd, "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction," ACM Trans. Office Info. Systems, April 1988, pp. 153172.

....for changes, or a cancellation of the negotiation process. Given a counteroffer, the supplier can decide to accept this, to submit a new proposal or to cancel the negotiation. Another example of such conversation oriented processes is the Speech Act model of conversations used in the Coordinator [Flores88]. Here users interact via typed messages and the system imposes structure on the conversation by limiting the types of messages that can be sent in reaction to an earlier message of a given type. Many collaborative activities focus on the coordinated development of some electronic product. ....

....coordination of (human) activities has been studied from a theoretical perspective [e.g. Malone90] but also from a practical perspective. There are numerous models and systems aimed at supporting specific problems, like IBIS implementations [Conklin88] or tools for negotations and conversations [Flores88]. Based on the similarities identified above, however, the notion of generic support for collaborative processes is an interesting, albeit challenging, possibility. Obviously such a system should provide basic mechansisms like a shared dataspace and decomposition of processes into sub steps. In ....

Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd, "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction," ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153--172, April 1988.

....speech act theory to commerce, see also [27] Speech acts play a prominent role in KQML (Knowledge and Query Manipulation Language) 28, 29, 30, 31] to which I will return near the end of this paper. Speech act theory is also the basis of the Coordinator software tool developed by Flores et al. [32] to organize communication among individuals. Flores and his colleagues argue convincingly that communicative acts are the basis of cooperative human activity, and that information retrieval and decision making are of secondary importance. 5.2 Conversational maxims In a seminal paper, Grice [33] ....

Flores, Fernando; Graves, Michael; Hartfield, Brad; and Winograd, Terry. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 6:153--172.

....in the CSCW community. However, most of the mechanisms of interaction in existing CSCW systems are experienced as excessively rigid, either because the embedded mechanism of interaction is not accessible to the actors and cannot be changed, e.g. THE COORDINATOR (Winograd and Flores, 1986; Flores et al. 1988), or because the facilities for changing the mechanism do not support respecification of the mechanism by the actors themselves, at the semantic level of articulation work, e.g. DOMINO (Kreifelts et al. 1991a; Kreifelts et al. 1991b) By contrast, in view of the situated character of ....

Flores, Fernando, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd: "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction," ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, April 1988, pp. 153-172.

....govern the way object instances can access each other in a dynamic way. This is the basic mechanism for modelling the dynamic modifiability of interconnection topology or information visibility. What may be surprising is that even though no CSCW specific distinctions (in the sense of Flores et al. [6]) are built into our calculus the few primitives that are provided are nonetheless sufficient for describing central concepts in CSCW such as dynamic conversation management or the awareness models of [1] the examples studied in the present note. These examples have been chosen to illustrate two ....

....studied in the present note. These examples have been chosen to illustrate two orthogonal types of device of relevance to CSCW. First, the conversation manager provides an example of a device for dynamically modifying articulation procedures. Conversation systems such as Conversation for Action [6] are nothing but state transition systems with transitions labelled by so called illocutionary points. It is natural to identify illocutionary points with channel names. Thus conversation systems have very natural representations in our calculus. Conversation systems can conceivably be subjected ....

F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, and T. Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2):153--172, April 1988.

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Flores, F., Graves,M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. "Computer Systems and the design of organizational interaction". In Ronald M. Baecker, editor, Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting HumanHuman Collaboration, pp. 504-513. Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, Inc., 1993.

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Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on OIS 6, 2 (1988), 153-172.

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F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, T. Winograd. Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Trans. on Information Systems 6(2), p. 153--172, 1988.

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Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., and Winograd, T. (1988). Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Special Issue on the Language/Action Perspective, 6(2):153--172.

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Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield and Terry Winograd, Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction, Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Morgan Kaufmann, 1993

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Flores, F. et. al. 1988. Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 153-172.

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F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hart#eld, and T. Winograd. Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction. ACM Transactions on O#ce Information Systems, 6#2#:153#172, 1988.

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Flores, F., Graves, M., Hartfield, B., & Winograd, T. (1988). 'ComputerSystems and the Design of Organizational Interaction.' ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(2), pp. 153-172.

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F. Flores, M. Graves, B. Hartfield, T. Winograd, Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction, ACM TOIS, 6, 2, pp 153-172, 1988.

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F. Flores., M. Graves, B. Hartfiled and T. Winograd. Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction. ACM Trans. on Office Info. Systems, 2 (1988) 153-172. 25

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Flores, Fernando, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd: "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction," ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, April 1988, pp. 153-172.

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F. Flores, M. Graves,B. Hartfield,T. Winograd, Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction ACM Trans. on Information Systems Vol.6, No.2, 1988.

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