Wright, Ian, Aaron Sloman, and Luc Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 3:101--126, 1996.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... boxes vs emergence Some architecture diagrams have a box labelled emotions . In others, emotions, like thrashing in an operating system. are treated as emergent properties of interactions between functional components such as alarm mechanisms, motive generators and attention filters, [32, 25]. An architecture like fig. 2(b) can explain at least three different classes of emergent emotions involving disturbances caused by or affecting different layers of the architecture. Whether a capability needs a component, or emergent interactions between components is not always clear. The ....

I. Wright, A. Sloman, & L. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry & Psychology, 3(2):101-- 126, 1996.

.... boxes vs emergence Some architecture diagrams have a box labelled emotions . In others, emotions, like thrashing in an operating system. are treated as emergent properties of interactions between functional components such as alarm mechanisms, motive generators and attention filters, [32, 25]. An architecture like fig. 2(b) can explain at least three different classes of emergent emotions involving disturbances caused by or affecting different layers of the architecture. Whether a capability needs a component, or emergent interactions between components is not always clear. The ....

I. Wright, A. Sloman, and L. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

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I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

....is a crude and inadequate classification: additional important subdivisions between types of emotions and other affective states can be based on the differences in mechanisms involved in generating them and the different ways they develop, subside, are suppressed, trigger further emotions, etc. (Wright, Sloman Beaudoin 1996). Another feature of the architecture, pointed out in (Sloman 1989) is that it predicts that perceptual information follows many different routes through the brain, supporting and triggering diverse processes within the mental ecology. This may account for phenomena found by (Goodale Milner ....

Wright, I., Sloman, A. & Beaudoin, L. (1996), `Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes', Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology 3(2), 101--126.

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Wright, I., Sloman, A. & Beaudoin, L. (1996), `Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes', Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology 3(2), 101--126.

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I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

....attention inwardly and to monitor, evaluate, and in some cases modify what is happening internally. Luc Beaudoin first drew my attention to some aspects of the need for this layer, and called it meta management. Some of the requirements were analysed in his PhD thesis [2] Earlier papers (e.g. [27]) have discussed some of the ways in which this theory accounts for distinctively human emotions such as grief, infatuation, excited anticipation, humiliation, involving partial loss of control of attention. We used to call these emotions perturbances , but now refer to them as tertiary ....

I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a designbased analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

....Those who stress emotions such as apprehension, disappointment and relief, related to phases in the execution of plans, are studying effects of the deliberative layer. By contrast poets, novelists and those who study emotions involving loss of control of thought processes (e.g. our work on grief [18]) are studying processes involving the reflective, or metamanagement layer. 1.1 An example: self control and emotions An example will illustrate how mentalistic descriptions can depend on an architecture. We talk about humans sometimes losing control of themselves, for instance in certain ....

.... system is that a fast changing environment can cause too many interrupts, e.g. generation of too many unimportant goals, ffl Filtering interrupts via dynamically varying thresholds may help but does not solve all problems if the filter mechanisms are also resource limited and capable of error [15, 18]. ffl Perceptual mechanisms may need to be able to cope with more abstract descriptions if the deliberative mechanism is to achieve maximum benefit in the environment, e.g. perceiving that one is under threat from a predator, noticing the possibility of creating a new relationship between objects ....

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I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

....features of human emotional states. 2 A design for motive processing The requirements and high level design for the agent architecture that informs all our work has been described elsewhere, notably in (Beaudoin, 1994) summarised in (Beaudoin Sloman, 1993; Sloman, Beaudoin Wright, 1994; Wright, Sloman Beaudoin, 1996), and first elaborated in (Sloman, 1978; Sloman, 1985) It is partly inspired by Georgeff s Procedural Reasoning System (Georgeff Ingrand, 1989; Georgeff Lansky, 1989; Rao Georgeff, 1991b; Rao Georgeff, 1991a) The discussion of the design is not repeated here. However, the main design ....

....so forth. More sophisticated metamanagement can include evaluation of management activities and the development of new deliberative strategies. We have acknowledged that the design sketch is speculative, vague and subject to revision in the light of implementation problems or empirical evidence (Wright, Sloman Beaudoin, 1996). It is speculative in that empirical checking has not yet been attempted and may be very difficult. Nevertheless we think the whole architecture is in principle implementable using current artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including neural networks and other sub symbolic mechanisms where ....

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Wright, I. P., Sloman, A., & Beaudoin, L. P. (1996). Towards a design based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--137.

....coordination in AMAS. Finally, a design hypothesis for AMAS coordination is proposed. 4. 1 A universal, quantitative representation of value All adaptive systems conform to the abstract schema of a selective system (Cziko, 1995) and all selective systems support concepts of value (Pepper, 1958; Wright, 1996a) A selective system has three components: i) a trial generator, which is any mechanism that generates a variety of functions to produce outputs for particular inputs, ii) an evaluator, which is a mechanism that evaluates the results of using particular functions to generate trials, where ....

....abstraction between reinforcement and payment for goods is an issue that can be fruitfully investigated by MAS research. 4. 3 The ability to buy processing power In economic systems and reinforcement learners, possession of money by an agent is a dispositional ability to buy processing power (Wright, 1996b) For example, a producer who makes a profit will have more money to employ more people (to buy processing power directly) and more raw materials (to buy the results of prior processing) Whether a thing is purchased or a person is purchased for a certain period of the day, an amount of labour ....

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Wright, I. P., Sloman, A., & Beaudoin, L. P. (1996). Towards a design based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--137.

....11 concludes with directions for future work and a discussion of the work presented in the thesis. Appendix A provides some implementation details of MINDER1. Appendix B discusses the relationship between labour power and processing power. Appendix C contains a previously published paper (Wright, 1996b) a requirement of the Faculty of Science submission regulations. Appendix D lists the abbreviations used in the document. 1.2 Summary of main contributions The main contribution of the thesis is a theory of mental pain and pleasure and loss of control of thought processes specified in terms ....

....on the work presented in this thesis. Chapter 11) 1.3 A note on joint work Section 2.3.1.1 on ontology and the design based approach , section 4.4. 1 on motive processing and chapter 10 on a circulation of value analysis of attachment and loss contain joint work that first appeared in (Wright, Sloman Beaudoin, 1996), a paper originally written by me but revised and added to by Aaron Sloman. However, chapter 10 has been revised for this thesis, in particular extending the analysis of grief to mental pain and pleasure. Chapter 8 first appeared as a joint technical report with Michel Aub e (Wright Aube, ....

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Wright, I. P., Sloman, A., & Beaudoin, L. P. (1996). Towards a design based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--137.

....mechanisms of conflict resolution can fit into a reactive system. What a purely reactive system cannot do is explicitly construct representations of alternative possible actions, evaluate them and choose between them, all in advance of performing them. 2 Reported in several previous papers [15, 7, 8, 9, 10, 2, 14, 17]. Compare [5] 3 e.g. see [6, 11, 13] EXAMPLE REACTIVE AGENT perception action THE ENVIRONMENT REACTIVE PROCESSES Figure 2: An architecture for a reactive agent Processes occur in parallel in a reactive system because there are dedicated coexisting circuits. I presume there are many organisms ....

....new motives by the reactive system, sometimes when the deliberative system is overloaded, necessitating some sort of attention filter to protect processes that are urgent, important and difficult. Some emotional states can be interpreted as arising out of perturbances in such an architecture [17]. 11.3 3. A meta management subsystem The third sort of control system, which we have previously described as a meta management system (e.g. 2, 14, 17] is concerned with monitoring and control of the deliberative mechanism, as indicated in Figure 4. The idea is that just as a reactive system ....

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I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996. For more on our work see the project ftp directory: ftp://ftp.cs.bham.ac.uk/pub/groups/cog affect

.... In humans, this sort of change, with emotional reactions becoming less physical and more central seems to be part of the process of growing up and becoming more emotionally mature [6] It doesn t work that way for everyone however A filter (with a dynamically varying interrupt threshold [17]) is shown in Figure 5 since for some purposes the deliberative layer will be resource limited [10] When performing urgent and important tasks it may need to be protected from interruptions coming either via the main reactive mechanisms (e.g. new motives demanding consideration) or via the ....

....global alarm system. 8. TOWARDS SELF AWARENESS In previous publications Luc Beaudoin, Ian Wright, Brian Logan and I have proposed that for certain purposes it will be useful if the deliberative processes in which internal actions are performed can be monitored, evaluated and perhaps modified ([1, 17, 13, 15]) We therefore proposed that in addition to the reactive and deliberative layers a further layer of functionality is useful: meta management, as indicated rather sketchily in Figure 6. The meta mangement mechanisms could, for instance, be used to monitor deliberative processes and detect that ....

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I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

....multiple independent asynchronous sources of motivation and the ability to reflect on which motives to adopt, when to achieve them, how to achieve them, how to interleave plans, and so on. Figure 1 depicts approximately the type of architecture we have been exploring (described incrementally in [28, 19, 21, 5, 4, 25, 11]) At present we are primarily concerned with performance in simulated time, not real time. The figure, based partly on ideas by Luc Beaudoin and Ian Wright, is intended to be suggestive of an architecture in which there are many different coexisting components with complex interactions. Some ....

....Architecture before selection. The latter (which need not involve conscious processing) are resourcelimited and may sometimes require both attention filters to protect them from disturbance and meta management processes to regulate and direct them. This requires some sort of self monitoring. See [4, 11]) Reflexes (learnt or innate) bypass normal processing. The diagram should not be taken to imply any sharp division between processes concerned with perception or action and other cognitive processes [20] The internal management (and meta management) processes involve a certain amount of ....

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A. Sloman I.P. Wright and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes, 1996(to appear). Available at URL ftp://ftp.cs.bham.ac.uk/pub/groups/cog affect in the file Wright Sloman Beaudoin grief.ps.Z.

....mechanisms which are also layered, they may also benefit from a layered architecture in motor systems. To illustrate our claims about architecture based concepts, we suggest that the different layers account for different sorts of emotional states, only some of which are shared with other animals [5]. ffl The reactive layer produces rapid automatically stimulated emotional states (like being startled, terrified, sexually excited) ffl The deliberative layer supports cognitively rich emotional states linked to current desires plans and beliefs (like being anxious, apprehensive, relieved, ....

I.P. Wright, A. Sloman, and L.P. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--126, 1996.

.... to explore agents rivalling human or even chimpanzee sophistication we need to understand far more complex combinations of subsystems, including complex sub architectures within perceptual and motor control mechanisms, and a deep integration of cognitive and affective functions and mechanisms (Wright, Sloman Beaudoin 1996, Sloman 1998(forthcoming) However, there is no unique correct architecture: different designs have different trade offs, as biological evolution shows. We need to understand the trade offs and possible trajectories. This includes finding good concepts for describing systems with different ....

.... states (e.g. humiliation, guilt, infatuation, excited anticipation) can involve reduced ability to focus attention on important tasks because of reactive processes (including alarm processes) interrupting and diverting deliberative mechanisms, sometimes conflicting with metamanagement decisions (Wright et al. 1996). The second class of states depends on abilities possessed by fewer animals than those that have reactive capabilities. The architectural underpinnings for the third class are relatively rare: perhaps only a few primates have them. Many theories of emotion postulate a system that operates in ....

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Wright, I., Sloman, A. & Beaudoin, L. (1996), `Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes', Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology 3(2), 101--126.

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Wright, Ian, Aaron Sloman, and Luc Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 3:101--126, 1996.

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I. Wright, A. Sloman, and L. Beaudoin. Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 3(2):101--137, 1996. 19

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L. Wright, A. Sloman, and L. Beaudoin, "Towards a design-based analysis of emotional episodes," Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology 3(2), pp. 101--126, 1996.

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