Diaper D. (Ed), (1989), "Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction", Ellis- Hotwood.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....in a DAI interface methodology and are briefly summ srised as : Importance of User Input . throughout design process [13] Strong focus on user rcquirements capture [23] Analysis and description of the system to which the interface is attached [25] Powerful utility of Task Analysis [ 11 ] Concept of the interface as a user system and a system user interface [14] High functionality of the Prototyping Approach for allcviating commum cation problems between design participants [1] and determining optimal software characteristics though an iterative approach [ These factors ....

Diaper D. (Ed), (1989), "Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction", Ellis- Hotwood.

....used by people working collaboratively in groups, not merely as individuals. There have, of course, been techniques developed to address the lack of a human focus in systems development, coming out of work in the field of HumanComputer Interaction (HCI) A good example of this is task analysis [7], which has been the subject of efforts to integrate with structured methods [18] HCI techniques such as task analysis focus on the human interface issues for individual users of a system, but do not consider social and organizational factors. Research in Computer Supported Cooperative Work ....

Diaper, D., Ed. TaskAnalysis for Human--Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood, 1989.

....use [13] office work [14] air traffic control [7] police work [1] and underground control rooms[8] However, ethnography though holding much promise is still relatively untried in system design. It has been, and still is, strong on its critique of other methods, such as Task Analysis [4], but it has yet to prove itself within the wider community of software engineering, particularly to those working in commercial and industrial contexts. This paper is a retrospective look at our own experience of using the method and suggests some roles which ethnography can play as a ....

Diaper, D. (ed.), Task Analysis in Human Computer Interaction',Ellis Harwood, 1990.

....out in the verification of critical systems, albeit with a more explicit human factors dimension. Task driven analysis, such as the analysis of inferences involved in human performed diagnosis of system faults, has long been established in the field of human computer interaction (see for example [5]) However, the approach to the formal support of such analysis in the context of critical systems which we have presented is a new application of hybrid automata. Discussion Diagnosing failure in process control settings is an important and critical activity in which the operator of the system ....

Dan Diaper, editor. Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood Books in Information Technology. Ellis Horwood, 1989.

....areas of application (for example, planning) we might exploit a different domain specific theory. Task driven analysis, such as the analysis of inferences involved in human performed diagnosis of system faults, has long been established in the field of human computer interaction (see for example [5]) However, the approach to the formal support of such analysis in the context of critical systems which we have presented is a new application of hybrid automata. USING HYBRID AUTOMATA TO SUPPORT HUMAN FACTORS ANALYSIS 163 Our modelling of the user has been rather simple so far; another ....

D. Diaper (Ed.), Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Ellis Horwood Books in Information Technology, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1989.

....the designer invokes the code generator to synthesize the models into an executable user interface. This interface provides the end user with access to core application functionality. A view of the process of model design and generation is given in Figure 2. Designers perform user task analysis[30] to begin to gain an understanding of the requirements of the system. This analysis results in the initial design model (an hierarchical decomposition of user tasks) Tasks are specified in the Mastermind Dialogue Language (MDL) Once specified, task models are augmented with functionality from a ....

D. Diaper, editor. Task Analysis for Human Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood, 1989.

....rating re ects the calculated possible courses of the interaction and our subjective estimate of the amount of input required for these potential courses. Note, however, that 3 Ideally, attributes measuring user e ort will draw on germane work in human computer interaction such as task analysis [7] However, the initial work described here uses simple heuristics for these attributes. any more complex or realistic scheme could be applied if its results could be mapped to the range [ 1; 1] The level of continuity between a new interaction and those preceding it measures the additional ....

D. Diaper, editor. Task Analysis for Human{Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood, 1989.

.... Section 4and Part C of this Deliverable) and the observational review of the activity in a CVE session (see Section 5 and Part D of this Deliverable) In order to improve our understanding of the atomic tasks involved in collaboration between multiple users in CVEs, a hierarchical task analysis[6] has been created. This detailed analysis of actions and sub actions until the level of atomic tasks has been reached, gives us criteria which can drive usability evaluations, it defines a generic cognitive walkthrough task tree for the Inspection of any CVE. Finally, it helps focus the ....

Diaper, D. (ed.), (1998). Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Ellis Horwood Ltd, England.

....in requirements specification and human computer interaction (HCI) Pre94] For the former, we include variants of the entity event modeling of the standardized method SSADM [DCC92] to capture the data effects of the software system functions. For the latter, we include a variant of task analysis [Dia89] to ensure the adequacy of the system functions for the users tasks, a variant of usability engineering [Nie93] to ensure the ease of interaction between the users and the software system, and some kind of dialogue specification to capture the information presented to the user and the user ....

....level. 3.1 Work Division Most analysis and design methods do not explicitly acknowledge the fact that system design is also work design. Only methods inspired from HCI, e.g. TRIDENT [BHLV95] or TASK [BJ94] give explicit support for work design. This typically includes some kind of task analysis [Dia89] which gathers information about the user tasks, the objects and some attributes like repetitions, duration, priority and the like. Task analysis models concentrate on the user actions, only. In the spirit of use cases we propose to describe both, the user and system tasks, in one model. As a ....

D. Diaper. Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood Limited, 1989.

....to capture what all GOMS models have in common. The general GOMS concept is defined as follows: It is useful to analyze knowledge of how to do a task in terms of the components of goals, operators, methods, and selection rules. While similar to many other task decomposition strategies (e.g. Diaper, 1989; Gilbreth Gilbreth, 1917; Newell Simon, 1972; Van Cott Kinkade, 1972) this concept has spawned a family of task analysis and modeling techniques, the GOMS family. In this section of this paper, we define each of the components of the model (goals, operators, methods, and selection rules) ....

....start with a list of top level tasks or user goals. GOMS analyses and methods do not provide this list; it must come from sources external to GOMS (see also Olson and Olson, 1990, Karat Bennett 1989) Typically, this list of goals can be obtained from other task analysis approaches (e.g. see Diaper, 1989), such as interviews with potential users, observations of users of similar or existing systems, or in the worst case, simple intuitions on the part of the analyst. Once this list is assembled, GOMS analyses can help guide the design of the system so that the user can accomplish the given tasks in ....

Diaper, D. (Ed.) (1989). Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Chicester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood.

....goals with the system being designed. Thus, GOMS modeling does not replace the most critical process in designing a usable system, that of understanding the user s situation, working context, and goals. Approaches to this stage of interface design have been presented in sources such Gould (1988) Diaper (1989), Kirwan and Ainsworth (1992) and Kieras (1997) GOMS represents only the procedural aspects of usability. GOMS models can predict the procedural aspects of usability; these concern the amount, consistency, and efficiency of the procedures that users must follow. Since the usability of many ....

....in isolation, but also how the system will be used in the user s job context. As mentioned above, GOMS modeling starts with the results of a task analysis that identifies the user s goals. For brevity, task analysis per se will not be discussed further here; excellent sources are Gould (1988) Diaper (1989), and Kirwan and Ainsworth (1992) see Kieras (1997) for an overview. Once a Goal is defined, the corresponding method can be simple to define because it is simply the answer to the question how do you do it on this system The system design itself largely determines what the methods are. One ....

Diaper, D. (Ed.) (1989). Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Chicester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood.

....goals with the system being designed. Thus, GOMS modeling does not replace the most critical process in designing a usable system, that of understanding the user s situation, working context, and goals. Approaches to this stage of interface design have been presented in sources such Gould (1988) Diaper (1989), Kirwan and Ainsworth (1992) and Kieras (in press) GOMS represents only the procedural aspects of usability. GOMS models can predict the procedural aspects of usability; these concern the amount, consistency, and efficiency of the procedures that users must follow. Since the usability of many ....

....in isolation, but also how the system will be used in the user s job context. As mentioned above, GOMS modeling starts with the results of a task analysis that identifies the user s goals. For brevity, task analysis per se will not be discussed further here; excellent sources are Gould (1988) Diaper (1989), and Kirwan and Ainsworth (1992) see Kieras (in press) for an overview. Once a Goal is defined, the corresponding method can be simple to define because it is simply the answer to the question how do you do it on this system The system design itself largely determines what the methods are. ....

Diaper, D. (Ed.) (1989). Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Chicester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood.

....notion of a goal or aim, and the necessity for certain actions in order to fulfil this goal. The approach adopted in this paper is an object oriented one, perhaps closer to the HCI notion of activity rather than task 2 . This contrasts with much of the task analysis work carried out in HCI (Diaper 1989), which focuses on the actions involved in executing tasks. It is clear that there is a huge variety of potential IR tasks. However, it is possible to identify some features which are common across all tasks and others which can be used to make a basic distinction between different types of task. ....

Diaper D (1989), ed. Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England.

....office work [31] air traffic control [14,13] police work [1] and Underground Control Rooms [16] However, ethnography though holding much promise is still a relatively untried method in system design. It has been, and still is, strong on its critique of other methods, such as Task Analysis [9], but it has yet to prove itself within the wider community of software engineering, particularly those working in commercial and industrial contexts. In this paper we intend a retrospective look at our own experience of using the method and suggest some roles which ethnography can play as a ....

Diaper, D. (ed.), Task Analysis in Human Computer Interaction, Ellis Harwood.

.... of techniques that might open the way to providing help from automatic mechanical tools e.g. Dearden and Harrison 1997) Central to the collection of techniques described in this paper is a variant of the task analysis techniques known as Hierarchical Task Analysis or HTA (see the chapter in (Diaper 1989) or (Kirwan and Ainsworth 1992) HTA represents a designer s or analyst s assumptions about a user s goals in performing some interaction, the decomposition of goals into sub goals, and plans that describe how the sub goals are composed to achieve the higher level goal. In this paper, in common ....

DIAPER, D. (Ed.) 1989. Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood Books in Information Technology. Ellis Horwood.

....research techniques and task analysis techniques, and [Gott, 1988] surveys cases in which an intensive effort to identify the knowledge required for tasks can produce large improvements in training programs for highly demanding cognitive tasks such as electronics troubleshooting. Finally, [Diaper, 1989] contains some methods for cognitive analysis. Kieras However, as reported by [Essens, Fallesen, McCann, Cannon Bowers, and Dorfel, 1994] while cognitive task analysis techniques have demonstrated successes in developing training programs, there have been few demonstrations of successful ....

Diaper, D. (Ed.) 1989. Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Chicester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood.

.... upon the visibility of certain attributes, one must be confident that these attributes are presented in such a way that the properties are preserved (e.g. that the user has enough information to carry out the task) This involves input from both the human factors analysis (e.g. a task analysis [Dia89] in the case of the task support property) and the behavioural specification. A certain degree of decoupling of specification of presentation requirements and the interactive system specification is still possible, since we are only interested in the presented attributes from the behavioural ....

Dan Diaper, editor. Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood Books in Information Technology. Ellis Horwood, 1989.

....a user requires to perform a task. A more complete discussion of the GOMS components of a task and how to identify them is included in John Kieras (in press) 1.3.2. The GOMS family of techniques. While the general GOMS concept is similar to many other task decomposition concepts (e.g. Diaper, 1989; Gilbreth Gilbreth, 1917; Kirwan Ainsworth, 1992; Newell Simon, 1972; Van Cott Kinkade, 1972, Kieras, in press b) this concept has spawned a family of task analysis and modeling techniques, the GOMS family. There are four different versions of GOMS in use today, all based on the same ....

....In all GOMS analysis techniques, the designer or analyst must start with a list of high level user goals. GOMS analyses and techniques do not provide this list; it must come from sources external to GOMS. Typically, this list of goals can be obtained from other task analysis approaches (e.g. see Diaper, 1989, Kirwan Ainsworth, 1992, and Kieras, in press b) including interviews with potential users, observations of users of similar or existing systems, or in the worst case, simple intuitions on the part of the analyst. Clearly such high level task analysis is a critical step in any successful ....

Diaper, D. (Ed.) (1989). Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Chicester, UK.: Ellis Horwood.

....as a central component. They distinguish, for example, between planning errors and errors in the execution of a plan. Within the engineering disciplines associated with the design of interactive systems, plan based models manifest themselves in approaches to task analysis and task description (see Diaper 1989 for a review) Hierarchical task analysis for example, provides a means by which designers can represent users tasks as a first stage in the process of task centred design. In her study of the use of an intelligent help facility Suchman (1987) argued against plan based models of human computer ....

Diaper, D (1989) Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd.

....can be viewed as involving the manipulation and observation of objects within the domain of application. The identification and characterisation of such objects (and frequently object hierarchies) is often the product of an analysis of users actions within an existing environment (for examples see [4]) Users of a system will assess the successful completion of tasks based upon the values such objects take. For instance, if we consider the task of emailing a message various objects on which the success of the task depends can be identified, such as the message content and the message address. ....

D. Diaper. Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis-Horwood, 1989.

....air traffic control (Harper, 1991) police work (Ackroyd et al., 1992) and underground control rooms(Heath, 1992) However, ethnography though holding much promise is still an untried method in system design. It has been, and still is, strong on its critique of other methods, such as Task Analysis (Diaper, 1990), but it has yet to prove itself within the wider community of software engineering, particularly to those working in commercial and industrial contexts. In this paper we undertake an examination at our own experience of using the method and suggest some roles which ethnography can play as a ....

Diaper, D. (ed.), (1990)Task Analysis in Human Computer Interaction, Ellis Harwood.

....There are three phases in this process: semantic, syntactic, and lexical design. 1. Semantic Design Semantics refers to the meaning or intentions of the end user. Users of interactive systems form mental models that help them organize activity and navigate through the system. User task analysis [15] is applied to codify a system at this level. The MASTERMIND task model represents mental models as a collection of hierarchical user tasks. This conceptual model is refined into a detailed semantic model of the system by incorporating the functional requirements of the application, as shown in ....

....a detailed semantic model of the system by incorporating the functional requirements of the application, as shown in Figure 1. A detailed semantic model relates user intentions to application actions and results. Unfortunately, this information does not completely specify a user interface. In HTA [15], for example, user tasks are recorded in natual language, as opposed to a language with a machine interpretation. Furthermore, task models tend to be optimistic, assuming that users will always complete the tasks that they begin. For these reasons, we may not use task and application models as ....

Diaper D. (ed.). Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. EllisHorwood, 1989.

....are the declarative models which are used most frequently. Before we discuss the use of the declarative models in certain MB IDEs we introduce their definitions. Until now, there are not any clear definitions of the different declarative models used in the MB IDEs [Wilson96b] Task model The book [Diaper89] presents 5 different approaches to task analysis, but there is no consensus on the precise definition of a task. As Paul Walsh put it: In different methods, it is possible to find a description of tasks expressed in terms of one, some or all of the following: objects, actions, roles, goals, ....

....code. The language analogy suggests applying the phases of programming language design to the simultaneous design of the input and output languages. There are three phases in this process: Semantic Design Semantics refers to the meaning or intentions of the end user. User task analysis [Diaper89] is applied to codify a system at this level. This is the understanding the end user will have in his or her mind when using the system. This conceptual model is refined into a detailed semantic model of the system by incorporating the functional requirements of the application. Syntactic ....

D. Diaper (ed.): Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1989.

....relates to the question of how the information is to be displayed or input on a VDT. As tools for supporting such interface design, task analysis is of great importance to support such interface design and work design, and various techniques of task analysis and modeling schemes have been proposed[3, 11, 16, 22]. Regarding the existing modeling schemes, there are several description levels of human activities in performing a cognitive task, for example as follows: task level, function level and performance level. The purposes of analysis and requirements for modeling at each description level are ....

Diaper, D. : Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1989.

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D. Diaper, "Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction", Ellis Horwood, 1989.

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