D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, San Diego, CA, October 2000. USENIX.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... congestion control deemed crucial for fairness in network use and to avoid congestion collapse[9] While building on previous work on communication protocols, our work also leverages the substantial research that has been conducted in the areas of adaptive systems and applications in general[1]. Specifically, our approach is to have the transport level initiate and coordinate changes in communication behavior with the network and the application. Such coordinated adaptations (1) permit changes in communication behavior that are based on network measurements naturally accessible at the ....

....the costs of coordination are small since such actions are integrated into adaptation actions at the protocol and application levels. 1. 1 Related Work Previous research on adaptive systems and applications has typically used middleware or system based approaches to supporting runtime adaptation[1], in part because multiple resources (e.g. CPU cycles, network bandwidth) must be allocated and controlled across multiple users and machines. In comparison, this paper focuses on the network resource, since that is critical to the large data real time collaborations targeted by our work. ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System Support for Bandwidth Management and Context Adaptation in Internet Applications. In SOSP, Oct 2000.

....[BrGM99, Wolf97] sending multilevel redundant information for video. Also several other works investigated combining application specific information from several streams into one clearinghouse architectures for aggregated congestion control. For example, recently proposed Congestion Manager [ABCS00, BaRS99] is a system layer component. It provisions aggregated congestion control when multiple streams from the same end point attempt to send via a separate program called Congestion Manager. SiWo98] proposed building TCP friendly application where application relies on real time transport ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2000, October 23-25, 2000 San Diego, California.

....of network protocols rather than user level data objects and application layer protocols. A related issue is adaptability, where information is provided t o the client application, typically from the operating system, t o help it adapt to changes in resource availability and network connectivity [1, 3, 16]. Some of these systems include applications using an adaptable interface, including adaptable protocols. Kunz and Black have introduced a proxy based customization system that combines many of the above approaches [12] They use both high level and low level proxies, system support for client ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," Proceedings of 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pp. 213226, San Diego, CA, USA, October 2000. USENIX Association.

....serialised, so that a high priority message may have to wait for a low priority message. Using multiple TCP streams may result in unpredictable competition for bandwidth, since TCP is a greedy protocol and most common implementations of TCP do not coordinate congestion control between streams [10]. In our initial version of ATP, we chose to allow message transmission over either TCP, or a reliable datagram protocol on top of UDP, which we will refer to as SPP (Sequenced Packet Protocol) The TCP implementation is the simpler of the two, and runs over a single TCP connection, but sends ....

....in Section IV A are not new. T TCP [19] and TCP Fast Start [20] improve TCP performance for small data transfers by caching and reusing connection state. Henderson et al. [21] have investigated the effects of TCP algorithms on bandwidth allocation between concurrent connections. Congestion Manager [10] and Ensemble TCP [22] share state information between connections to a remote host and allow the aggregate bandwidth to be divided among state sharing connections by a priority mechanism. TCP Nice [23] adjusts TCP s congestion control algorithm to ensure that background TCP flows have lower ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," in Proceedings of 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, San Diego, CA, Oct. 2000, pp. 213--226.

....application design. Our experiments also demonstrate that Nice provides useful bandwidth throughout the day in many environments. Existing transport layer solutions can be used to tackle the problem of self interference between a single sender receiver s flows. The congestion manager CM [3] provides an interface between the transport and the application layers to share information across connections and for handling applications using different transport protocols. Microsoft XP s Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) provides support for transfers of lower priority to ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in internet applications. In OSDI, pages 213--226, 2000.

....application design. Our experiments also demonstrate that Nice provides useful bandwidth throughout the day in many environments. Existing transport layer solutions can be used to tackle the problem of self interference between a single sender receiver s flows. The congestion manager CM [3] provides an interface between the transport and the application layers to share information across connections and for handling applications using different transport protocols. Microsoft XP s Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) provides support for transfers of lower priority to ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in internet applications. In OSDI, pages 213--226, 2000.

....slow links. Using path painting, nodes arrange themselves into an e#cient distribution tree as in IP Multicast emulation. Each node makes reflection requests to forward all tra#c among its neighbors in the overlay network. Each node also exchanges congestion information with each of its neighbors [4, 2]. If an overlay link is found to be su#ering from congestion, then the use of reflection requests to forward along that path is suspended. Instead the stream is thinned at each end of the overlay link and forwarded explicitly. The thinning may take the form of a transcoding to an entirely di#erent ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '00), pages 213--225, October 2000.

....transcoding over slow links. Using path painting, nodes arrange themselves into an efficient distribution tree as in IP Multicast emulation. Each node makes reflection requests to forward all traffic amongst its neighbors. Each node also exchanges congestion information with each of its neighbors [3, 1]. If a link is found to be suffering from congestion, then the use of reflection requests to forward along that path is suspended. Instead the stream is thinned at each end of the link and forwarded explicitly. Allowing stream thinning to occur wherever appropriate creates a system that provides ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '00), pages 213-- 225, October 2000.

....to an application, which is dangerous. Due to the complexities involved, applications might implement congestion control in wrong ways, thereby causing network instabilities; e.g. inaccurate estimation of the model parameters can lead to under or overallocation of bandwidth. Proposals in [8,9] are based on window based congestion control. Andersen et al. developed an end system support called Congestion Manager (CM) 8] to provide exclusive congestion control service independent of TCP and any applications. The CM maintains a congestion window, which increases gradually and decreases ....

....wrong ways, thereby causing network instabilities; e.g. inaccurate estimation of the model parameters can lead to under or overallocation of bandwidth. Proposals in [8,9] are based on window based congestion control. Andersen et al. developed an end system support called Congestion Manager (CM) [8] to provide exclusive congestion control service independent of TCP and any applications. The CM maintains a congestion window, which increases gradually and decreases upon a packet loss. However, protocols or applications that make use of the CM need to update the CM frequently with the ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," in Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Im-plementation, October 2000

....with transcoding over slow links. Using path painting, nodes arrange themselves into an e#cient distribution tree as in IP Multicast emulation. Each node makes reflection requests to forward all tra#c amongst its neighbors. Each node also exchanges congestion information with each of its neighbors [3, 1]. If a link is found to be su#ering from congestion, then the use of reflection requests to forward along that path is suspended. Instead the stream is thinned at each end of the link and forwarded explicitly. Allowing stream thinning to occur wherever appropriate creates a system that provides ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '00), pages 213--225, October 2000.

....with transcoding over slow links. Using path painting, nodes arrange themselves into an e#cient distribution tree as in IP Multicast emulation. Each node makes reflection requests to forward all tra#c among its neighbors. Each node also exchanges congestion information with each of its neighbors [3, 1]. If a link is found to be su#ering from congestion, then the use of reflection requests to forward along that path is suspended. Instead the stream is thinned at each end of the link and forwarded explicitly. Allowing stream thinning to occur wherever appropriate creates a flexible system that ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. 4nd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '00), pages 213--225, October 2000.

....of balanced incentives to control resource usage than are presently available. These scarce resource control mechanisms provide a system evolution in which the original design philosophies underlying the Internet This scheme is similar and complementary to the Congestion Manager work in [1]. The Congestion Manager itself is similar to the TCP control block interdependence proposal in [22] The temporal congestion information sharing techniques in both schemes could also be used here. architecture remain intact. 5.2 Routing Routing between two end systems in the Internet is ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, San Diego, CA, October 2000. USENIX.

....of what to do. Noble et al. also provide type specific operations, a generic mechanism for calling operations on data types such as MPEG video. Type specific operations makes it easy to do such things as decrease video frame rate or degrading video quality in a reusable manner. Andersen et al. [2] have done similar work with the Congestion Manager, which provides an API to let applications adapt to changing network conditions. 18 Context fabric can be thought of as orthogonal to these projects, providing a richer set of context beyond network bandwidth and CPU power that could be used ....

Andersen, D., D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System Support for Bandwidth Management and Context Adaptation in Internet Applications. InProceedings of 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. San Diego, CA: USENIX Association. pp. 213-226, October 2000.

....and share bandwidth fairly with TCP flows. To accomplish this, our video server uses information in RTCP receiver reports to discover lost packets and round trip time variations and adapt its sending rate according to a certain congestion control algorithm using the Congestion Manager (CM) [3, 5] framework. Rapid oscillations in the instantaneous sending rate often degrade the quality of the received video by increasing the required buffering and inducing layer oscillations. To achieve smoothing of video quality, our system exploits binomial congestion control algorithms [6, 19] a family ....

....cause some late retransmissions to be sent because of round trip time delay; thus, retransmissions should be canceled approximately 1 RTT before the frame is read to minimize futile retransmissions. Bandwidth adaptation is performed using the Congestion Manager (CM) extensions to the Linux kernel [3, 5]. Bandwidth adaptation is performed by the sender if it supports CM functionality note that the receiver does not need to support CM to enable bandwidth adaptation for streaming video. This section focuses on the benefits that SR RTP provides for performing error concealment via decoder ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, October 2000.

.... improve the throughput of a single logical data transfer (e.g. le transfers over high speed networks where a single TCP connection alone does not provide adequate utilization [2, 19] sharing congestion information across connections sharing the same network path (e.g. the Congestion Manager [4, 6, 5]) application level routing, where applications route trac in an overlay network to the nal destination (e.g. Resilient Overlay Networks [3] end to end session migration for mobility across network disconnections [33] encryption services for sealing or signing ows [10] general purpose ....

....and destination to share congestion information, allocate available bandwidth, and adapt to changing network conditions. CM is currently implemented in Linux kernel, in large part because CM needs to integrate with TCP s in kernel congestion controller in order to support sharing across TCP ows [4]. There is no such requirement when CM controls only UDP ows, however a capability that has proven quite useful [17] In these cases, it would be advantageous (for portability and ease of deployment) to have a session layer implementation of CM running at user level. Unfortunately, implementing a ....

David G. Andersen, Deepak Bansal, Doroty Curtis, Srinivasan Seshan, and Hari Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. OSDI '00, pages 213-225, October 2000.

....also allows applicationspeci c customization of reliability, as described in Section IV B for JPEG. C. Congestion Control ITP uses the Congestion Manager (CM) for congestion control, using the CM API to adapt to network conditions and to inform the CM about the status of transmissions and losses [22], 10] Since ITP reliability is receiver based, there is no need for positive ACKs from the receiver to the sender for reliability. ACKs from the receiver are solely for congestion control and estimating round trip times; these are needed because the CM congestion controller we use implements a ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, \System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," in Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, October 2000.

....to the application layer for decoding once the complete frame has been received. The information provided by the receiver regarding packet loss rates, round trip times etc. is used to provide feedback to the underlying congestion control algorithm implemented using the Congestion Manager (CM) [2, 3, 4]. CM supports both AIMD and SQRT congestion control and an application can specify which congestion control algorithm should be used for its connections. CM also provides callback mechanisms to provide feedback to the application about the network conditions, which enables the application to adapt ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, October 2000.

....control in the Internet is an open question, which must consider the dynamic nature of network conditions and competition for router buffer space. V. IMPLEMENTATION We implemented the SQRT congestion control algorithm in the Linux 2.2. 9 kernel as part of the Congestion Manager (CM) 20] [21] to provide congestion controlled UDP sockets. We experimented with the Internet audio conferencing tool, vat, in unicast mode. Figure 18 shows the congestion window variation for a transfer as a function of 10 ms time intervals for an audio session between two Linux machines. These machines were ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," in Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, October 2000.

.... bandwidth (a process called quality adaptation) To accomplish this, our video server uses information in RTCP receiver reports to discover lost packets and roundtrip time variations and adapt its sending rate according to a certain congestion control algorithm using the Congestion Manager (CM) [3] framework. The sender can use the CM to adjust its transmission rate according to a variety of congestion control algorithms, including the additiveincrease multiplicative decrease (AIMD) algorithm used by TCP [50, 67] However, rapid oscillations in the instantaneous sending rate, such as those ....

....at a relatively constant bitrate. Various researchers have argued that congestion control algorithms such as TCP s additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) algorithm are not amenable to video due to their large rate oscillations. To combat this, we rst use the Congestion Manager (CM) [3] architecture to give the application, rather than the transport layer, control of congestion avoidance. Using this framework, an application is free to use congestion control algorithms such as binomial congestion control [6] equationbased congestion control such as TFRC [20] or TEAR [61] ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, October 2000.

....control in the Internet is an open question, which must consider the dynamic nature of network conditions and competition for router buffer space. V. IMPLEMENTATION We implemented the SQRT congestion control algorithm in the Linux 2.2. 9 kernel as part of the Congestion Manager (CM) 20] [21] to provide congestion controlled UDP sockets. We experimented with the Internet audio conferencing tool, vat, in unicast mode. Figure 18 shows the congestion window variation for a transfer as a function of 10 ms time intervals for an audio session between two Linux machines. These machines were ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," in Proc. Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, October 2000.

....rewalls. However, this approach su ers from two drawbacks rst, the loss recovery done by TCP is not optimal for video and audio and second, the large oscillations in transmission rates that result due to TCP s AIMD. Recently, an end system infrastructure called Congestion Manager (CM) [3, 4, 5] has been developed for integrated congestion management, independent of speci c transport protocols (like TCP) and applications. CM enables logically di erent ows (such as multiple concurrent Web downloads, concurrent audio and video streams, etc. to adapt to congestion, share network ....

D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in internet applications. In Proc. 2000 Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Oct 2000. to appear.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, San Diego, CA, October 2000. USENIX.

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David Andersen, Deepak Bansal, Dorothy Curtis, Srinivasan Seshan, and Hari Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in internet applications. In Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," Proceedings of 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pp. 213-226, San Diego, CA, USA, October 2000. USENIX Association.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in internet applications. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pages 213--226, October 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2000, October 23-25, 2000 San Diego, California.

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David Andersen, Deepak Basal, Dorothy Curtis, Srinivasan Srinivasan, and Hari Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), San Diego, California, October 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications", Proc. of the Symp. on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pages 213--226, October 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications, Proc. of the 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2000,October 23-25, 2000 San Diego, California.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications. In Proc. of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pages 213--226, Oct. 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2000, October 23-25, 2000 San Diego, California.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications. In Proc. of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pages 213--226, Oct. 2000.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan. System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications. Technical Report LCS-TR-808, MIT, May 2000. http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/projects/cm/.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, System Support for Bandwidth Management and Content Adaptation in Internet Applications, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2000, October 23-25, 2000 San Diego, California.

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D. Andersen, D. Bansal, D. Curtis, S. Seshan, and H. Balakrishnan, "System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications," In Proceedings of 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pp. 213-226, San Diego, CA, USA, October 2000. USENIX Association.

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David Andersen, Deepak Bansal, Dorothy Curtis, Srinivasan Seshan, and Hari Balakrishnan. System support for bandwidth management and content adaptation in Internet applications. In Proceedings of 4th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, pages 213-226, San Diego, CA, October 2000. USENIX Association.

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