K. S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Je#ress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136. Wiley, New York, 1952.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... a mere passive sensory invariant becoming the basis of the identification of a stimulus, we would have a dynamic entire sensorimotor affordance [8 9] with categories being grounded in perception and action [10 13] After all, sequential information is at the heart of any cognitive activity [14], such as picking up and throwing a ball, deriving mathematical formulas, reading text, driving a car, using a vending machine. It is not sufficient to have a neural network model either discrete stimuli or sequences of stimuli. Not only can a successive sequence of stimuli become a discrete ....

K. S. Lashley, The problem of serial order in behavior, In: Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, L.A. Jeffress (Ed.), New York: Wiley, pp. 112-146, 1951.

....via the look up table method. Finally, the proposed model handles ambiguous situations as easily as unambiguous ones, implying that it can be scaled up to deal with more complex trajectories without additional dif culty. Associative Chaining and Temporal Context : In his seminal paper, Lashley [40] rejected simple associative chaining as a plausible hypothesis for dealing with complicated aspects of temporal order of behavior. However, in recent years, a considerable number of neural models based on simple associative chaining have been proposed, showing that simple assumptions can be made ....

K. S. Lashley, \The problem of serial order in behavior," in Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, L. A. Jefress, Ed., pp. 112{ 146. Wiley, New York, 1951.

....input output or stimulus response system [26] 23] The models were based on observation and empirical studies. These behaviourists came under criticism as cognitive science evolved beyond their over simplified model and struggled with higher order issues (i.e. language, creativity, and attention) [14]. Nevertheless, muchofthelower order reactionary behaviour was still well modeled by the stimulus response paradigm. To a casual observer, these simple models seem fine and it is only after closer examination that one realizes that far more complex underlying processes must be taking place. We ....

K.S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L.A. Jefress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136, New York, 1951. The Hixon Symposium, John Wiley.

....rational patterns. From approximately 1951 until the mid 1980s, the dominant theories in both psychology and artificial intelligence for explaining intelligent behaviour held that hierarchical and sequential structures internal to the agent or animal underlie this ordered expression (e.g. Lashley 1951, Tinbergen 1951, Piaget 1954, Hull 1943, Dawkins 1976, McGonigle Chalmers 1996) However, the last two decades have seen an increase of support for a more dynamic theory of of intelligence (see Port van Gelder 1995, for a review) This new theory holds that intelligence, like the brain ....

....controlling the elements of groups instead believing that the occurrence of a particular activity was only dependent on the external stimulation and on the threshold for release of that activity. Baerends 1976 p. 726 cited in Hendriks Jansen 1996 pp. 233 234) This theory dominated until Lashley (1951) reintroduced the idea of hierarchical organisation of behaviour. Lashley supports hierarchy on the basis that there could be no other explanation for the speed of some action sequences, such as those involved in human speech or the motions of the fingers on a musical instrument. Neural processes ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Lashley, K. S. (1951), The problem of serial order in behavior, in L. A. Jeffress, ed., `Cerebral mechanisms in behavior', John Wiley & Sons, New York.

....the search space for the next action. They focus attention on a particular set of actions likely to be useful in the current context. Sequences are a special case of this process where each action can be followed very quickly and reliably by another, a necessity in certain kinds of fine control [32, 38]. Sequences are not adequately represented by simple chains of productions, partly because their elements may participate in more than one sequence, but also because of timing issues. This problem was discovered and addressed in the Soar architecture, the best established production based AI ....

....only part of the problem of action selection. Action patterns must also be sequenced with appropriate durations to each step. The duration of many actions is too quick and intricate to be monitored via feedback, or left to the vagaries of spreading activation from competing but unrelated systems [32, 38]. Further, animals that have had their forebrains surgically removed have been shown capable of conducting complex species typical behaviors they are simply unable to apply these behaviors in appropriate contexts. In particular, the periaqueductal grey matter has been implicated in complex ....

K. S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Jeffress, editor, Cerebral mechanisms in behavior. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1951.

....the elements of groups instead believing that the occurrence of a particular activity was only dependent on the external stimulation and on the threshold for release of that activity. 2 BACKGROUND 5 (Baerends 1976 p. 726 cited in Hendriks Jansen 1996 pp. 233 234) This theory dominated until Lashley (1951) reintroduced the idea of hierarchical organization of behavior. Lashley supports hierarchy on the basis that there could be no other explanation for the speed of some action sequences, such as those involved in human speech or the motions of the fingers on a musical instrument. Neural processes ....

.... mechanisms which require no external reward (see Adams, 1984, for a review and history) Further, neuroscience has shown that the fine coordination between different elements of behaviors such as speech and piano playing occur too rapidly to allow for triggering of one act by its predecessor (Lashley, 1951). Dynamical theories have been successful at describing rapid, integrated sets of behavior, provided these can be described as a part of a rhythmic whole. For example, swimming and walking can be explained and controlled through understood mathematical mechanisms providing there exists a pattern ....

Lashley, K. S. (1951). The problem of serial order in behavior. In Jeffress, L. A., editor, Cerebral mechanisms in behavior. John Wiley & Sons.

.... proposed by cognitive scientists analyzed humans as an input output or stimulus response system [25] 23] These behaviourists came under criticism as cognitive science evolved beyond their over simplified model and struggled with higher order issues (i.e. language, creativity, and attention) [14]. Nevertheless, much of the lower order reactionary behaviour was still well modeled by the stimulus response paradigm. Of particular relevance is the close similarity of the stimulus response behaviourist model to input output learning algorithms. The Action Reaction learning system is a ....

K.S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L.A. Jefress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136, New York, 1951. The Hixon Symposium, John Wiley.

....inputoutput or stimulus response system [68] 62] The models were based on observation and empirical studies. These behaviourists came under criticism as cognitive science evolved beyond their over simplified model and struggled with higher order issues (i.e. language, creativity, and attention) [35]. Nevertheless, much of the lower order reactionary behaviour was still well modeled by the stimulus response paradigm. To a casual observer, these simple models seem fine and it is only after closer examination that one realizes that far more complex underlying processes must be taking place. ....

K. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. Jefress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136, New York, 1951. The Hixon Symposium, John Wiley.

....or stimulus response system [Wat13] Tho98] The models were based on observation and empirical studies. These behaviourists came under criticism as cognitive science evolved beyond their over simpli ed model and struggled with higher order issues (i.e. language, creativity, and attention) [Las51]. Nevertheless, much of the lower order reactionary behaviour was still well modeled by the stimulus response paradigm. To a casual observer, these simple models seem ne and it is only after closer examination that one realizes that far more complex underlying processes must be taking place. We ....

K.S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L.A. Jefress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112-136, New York, 1951. The Hixon Symposium, John Wiley.

....at the basis of musical theory. But upon closer inspection this task is not as automatic nor as rule based as it first appears. The problem of segmentation of continuous streams of sensory data into temporally ordered sequences has posed a longstanding problem for cognitive psychologists [ Lashley, 1952 ] There is more ambiguity in the temporal structure of musical sequences than it might appear. Musical structure is disambiguated through a variety of devices such as stress and temporal anticipation of critical segmentation points [ Handel, 1989 ] By studying the nature of the ambiguity in ....

K. S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Jeffress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136. Wiley, New York, 1952.

....the incoming signal. In addition, the structure of memory itself could adapt to reflect the temporal organization (e.g. the metrical structure) of the incoming signal. Thus, we feel that resonance mechanisms offer a particularly novel route toward understanding musical expectancy. 6 Conclusions Lashley (1951) identified the problem of serial order, the logical and orderly arrangement of thought and action, as a central problem for psychologists, neurobiologists, and all those who ultimately wish to describe the phenomena of mind in terms of the mathematical and physical sciences. Lashley ....

....describe the phenomena of mind in terms of the mathematical and physical sciences. Lashley realized that the problem was not merely one of sequence processing. The temporal structure of human perception and action implies that the temporal structure of neural computation is extraordinarily complex (Lashley, 1951). In this regard, the study of music is invaluable to the understanding of neural computation. Music, unlike natural language, forces us to deal with all aspects of time: time is so fundamental to music that it cannot be conveniently and convincingly abstracted away. It may even be that composers ....

Lashley, K. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In Jeffress (Ed.) Cerebral mechanisms in behavior. NY: Wiley.

....1 The work described in this paper was supported in part by the NSF grants IRI 9211419, IRI 9423312, and equipment grant CDA 9413962, and the ONR grant N00014 93 1 0335. 2 I. Introduction One of the fundamental aspects of natural intelligence is the ability to process temporal information [28]. Learning and recalling temporal patterns are closely associated with our ability to perceive and generate body movements, speech and language, music, etc. A considerable body of neural network literature is devoted to studying temporal pattern generation (see [29] and [41] for reviews) These ....

K.S. Lashley, "The problem of serial order in behavior," in Cerebral mechanisms in behavior, L.A. Jeffress, Ed. New York: Wiley & Sons, pp. 112-146, 1951.

....that involved in instrumental chaining. The idea that patterns of responding can be reduced to a succession of stimulus response units has been controversial: Skinner [30] claimed that all behavior, including language, could be represented this way, while others, such as Chomsky [10] and Lashley [19] held that sequential behavior could not be adequately accounted for in these terms. There is now considerable evidence, however, that many, though probably not all types of behavior sequences are held together this way [12] The concept of constructing behavioral sequences for mobile robots from ....

K. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L.A. Jeffries, editor, Cerebral mechanisms in behavior. John Wiley and Sons, 1951.

....phases are predicted by a simple harmonic model. The observed commonalities between limb movements and spoken rhythm support Lashley s conjecture that a common control strategy underlies the coordination of all rhythmic activity. Introduction In his famous paper on the problem of serial order, Lashley (1951) emphasized the importance of rhythmic coordination in all integrated movement, suggesting that speech and other forms of coordinated action must share common organizational principles. There has been a good deal of research into the rhythmic principles that facilitate and constrain coordination ....

Lashley, K. S. (1951). The problem of serial order in behavior. In Jefress, L. A., editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

....relationships as serial ordering of elements. Representative works in this vein are Calvin (1983) Kimura (1979) and Lieberman (1984) Interestingly, Chomsky s (1959) influential review of Skinner s Verbal Behavior also pointed to the relevance of serial order in behavior, specifically to Lashley s (1951) work. Vocal tracts. Human vocal tracts differ significantly in shape from those of chimpanzees, allowing us to produce a range of distinct sounds that chimpanzees are not capable of. Lieberman (1992, 1984, 1975) is the most prominent exponent of this topic. Lieberman s work also argues that the ....

Lashley, K.S., (1951) `The problem of serial order in behavior' in L.A.Jeffress (ed) Hixon Symposium on Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, New York: John Wiley and Sons.

....that the similarity of errors is caused by the flaws in a single engine which processes every level of representation. The existence of anticipatory errors, often with several words intervening, implies that the speaker s internal representations span more than just the next word of the utterance [24]. The fragments which change, move, or are omitted in speech errors correspond to linguistically motivated units such as phonetic features, single consonants and vowels, syllables, words, phrases and clauses [13] 6 Together this suggests that language production involves planning, and that this ....

Karl S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In Lloyd A. Jeffress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--146. John Wiley, New York, 1951.

No context found.

K. S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Je#ress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--136. Wiley, New York, 1952.

No context found.

K. S. Lashley, The problem of serial order in behavior, In: Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, L.A. Jeffress (Ed.), New York: Wiley, pp. 112-146, 1951.

No context found.

Lashley, K.S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior. Jeffress, L.A., Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 112--146.

No context found.

Karl S. Lashley. The problem of serial order in behavior. In Lloyd A. Jeffress, editor, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, pages 112--146. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1951.

No context found.

Page 27 Lashley, K.S. (1951). The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Jeffress (Ed.), Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior. New York: Wiley.

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC