Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K., Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1991. 189-194.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....= 20. Treemaps have a problem though. Should doubling of the attribute s value lead to an area of double the size or with a base line of doubled length (and thus quadrupled area) Invariably, no matter which choice is taken, user s may have the opposite expectation. Finally, there are cone trees [RMC91,JCM93] see Fig. 4) which can be seen as 3D representation of dendrograms. Like other 3D representations, they can have the benefit of allowing users to easily zoom between overview and detail. But they also su#er from the problem of occlusion and di#culty to navigate and find the desired ....

G. Robertson, J. Mackinlay, and S. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. of ACM SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems '91, pages 189--94, 1991.

.... [BE] In particular, it is known that every planar graph of n vertices has a two dimensional grid drawing that ts into a rectangle of area ) and this bound is asymptotically tight [FP] S] The possibility of three dimensional representations of graphs was suggested by software engineers [MR]. The analysis of the volume requirement of such representations was initiated in [CE] where the following statement was proved. Every graph of n vertices has a three dimensional grid drawing in a rectangular ) and this bound cannot be improved. To establish the rst half of the statement, it ....

J. Mackinley, G. Robertson, and S. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3d visualizations of hierarchical information, in: Proceedings of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing, 1991, 189-194.

....viewing a single frame, the user may have no notion of what type of space she is in and where she is located in that space. OVERVIEWS Most of the work in overview and mapping has been done in systems where the information has no visual analog for example, information that is textual [4] 5][6]. These overviews are transformations of information that has properties which can be viewed visually (temporal or hierarchical relationships) but the information itself has no visual form (it is not a 3D object or physical space) While these are all novel approaches to the problem of overview, ....

Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J., Card, S., Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information', Proceedings of ACM$IGCHI, April 1991 (189-194).

.... hyperslice [21] parallel coordinates [8] icon based techniques (e.g. Cherno# faces [2] stick figures [14] pixeloriented techniques (e.g. recursive pattern techniques [10] spiral and axes techniques [9] to interactive visualizations for hierarchical information (e.g. cone cam tree [16]) and graph based techniques (e.g. curved line) or hybrid techniques (arbitrary combinations of techniques mentioned) In addition, distortion techniques e.g. perspective wall [11] fisheye view [4] were explored. Most of these approaches [6, 7, 13, 15, 22] focus on large amounts of ....

G. Robertson, J. Mackinlay, and S. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of ACM CHI '91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1991.

....we will be exploring. In the figures included in this paper, different views are displayed separately. We are currently integrating the views so that one view can change smoothly into another to avoid the 59 potentially confusing discontinuous change in view that our user currently experiences [10]. For example, the fatter cutaway links shown in the logical topology views can be smoothly grown in place from the thinner links of the physical topology view. Because of the massive amounts of data involved and the speed with which the emulation will proceed, facilities for viewing and reviewing ....

Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J., and Card, S. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. In Proc. CHI '91, pages 189--194. ACM Press, New Orleans, LA, April 27--May 2, 1991.

.... in [3, 4, 6, 10 13, 17, 19, 21, 22, 33, 35 37] By representing a vertex by a grid box, 3 D orthogonal drawings of arbitrary degree graphs have also been considered; see for example [5, 8, 21] 3 D graph drawing has applications in VLSI circuit design [1, 2, 18, 23, 26] and software engineering [15, 16, 24, 25] for example. Note that there is some experimental evidence suggesting that displaying a graph in three dimensions is better than in two [28, 29] Drawings with many bends appear cluttered and are difficult to visualise. In VLSI layouts, bends in the wires increase the cost of production and the ....

G. G. ROBERTSON, J. D. MACKINLAY, AND S. K. CARD, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In S. ROBERTSON, G. OLSEN, AND J. OLSEN, eds., Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '91), pp. 189--194, ACM, 1991.

....Web search engines. Figure A.1 contains a screenshot from the WebVIBE system. LyberWorld is a 3d visualisation that was created in an attempt to rectify some of the problems of the VIBE model [25, 24] This visualisation combines cone trees, to view the conceptual query to query space [53], and a spring based visualisation, to view the query to document space. To extend the model offered by VIBE, LyberWorld created a sphere upon which terms are placed. They argue 109 Figure A.1: Spring based: The WebVIBE system Figure A.2: Spring based in 3D: The LyberWorld system xA.2 ....

ROBERTSON, G. G., MACKINLAY, J. D., AND CARD, S. K. Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings Human factors in computing systems conference proceedings on Reaching through technology (1991), pp. 189-- 194.

....layout, and legibility on limited screen area. Other information sets have less obvious structures, if any, and require display techniques that accent the important dimensions whilst still retaining an overview of the others. 2.2.1 Hierarchies. The original IV hierarchy visualiser was Cone Trees [9]. Hierarchical information, more generally known as a tree structure, is displayed in three dimensions in an attempt to increase the number of nodes that could be presented onscreen. Selecting any node would bring that node to the front of the view of the Cone Tree in a smooth animated sequence. ....

Robertson, G. G., Mackinlay, J. D. and Card, S. K., Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information, in Proc. CHI '91 : Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 189-194, ACM Press.

....and development are drawn. Keywords Guides, instructions, authors kit, conference publications. 1. INTRODUCTION Information visualisation techniques for displaying and examining single instances of hierarchical information sets have a history dating back to Robertson et al. s Cone Trees [25]. However, there is a need for visualisation techniques that have the capacity to show multiple hierarchies that result from the re classifying of information and allow exploration of the relationships between them [10] Such multiple overlapping hierarchies can occur in a number of areas, such ....

Robertson, G. G., Mackinlay, J. D. and Card, S. K. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. Proc. of CHI '91 : Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 27 - May 2, 1991), ACM Press, 189-194.

....structures and sports league structures to name a few. As such, a great deal of effort has been channelled into the visualisation of these information sets in IV. Figure 3.1. Robertson et al. s Cone Tree. The original IV hierarchy visualiser was Cone Trees by Mackinlay et al. in 1991 [23], developed as part of the Information Visualizer paradigm at Xerox PARC [1] Hierarchical information, more generally known as a tree structure, is displayed in three dimensions in an attempt to increase the number of nodes that can be presented onscreen, as shown in Figure 3.1. Selecting any ....

Robertson, G. G., Mackinlay, J. D. and Card, S. K., Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information, in Proc. CHI '91 : Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 189-194, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 27 - May 2, 1991. ACM Press.

....2 d layout of a large tree, because of its exponential growth. If leaf nodes are to be given adequate spacing, then nodes near the root must be placed very far apart, obscuring the high level tree structure, and leaving no nice way to display the context of the entire tree. The Cone Tree[12] modifies the above approach by embedding the tree in a three dimensional space. This embedding of the tree has joints that can be rotated to bring different parts of the tree into focus. This requires currently expensive 3D animation support. Furthermore, trees with more than approximately 1000 ....

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3d visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 189--

....information regarding site structure. Another problem experienced by this metaphor is that it utilises a large amount of screen real estate. Thus, when a web site reaches a particular magnitude, displaying a significant portion becomes difficult. 3. 3 Cone Trees Devised by Robertson et al. in 1991 [5], cone trees are hierarchical trees that are displayed using an alternative layout. The original cone tree was a three dimensional construct that was viewed from the side. The root node of the hierarchy was located at the highest vertical point of the cone tree and formed the apex of a cone, with ....

G. Robertson, J. Mackinlay, and S. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3d visualizations of hierarchical information. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI'91, pages 189--194, 1991.

....into a visual representation. For example, a first possibility to display a large tree structure can be to map it into the traditional 2D geometric representation we are accustomed to. However, more innovative mappings have been proposed in IV. For example, a second possibility can be the Camtree [19, 20], of 5 which exploits a 3D geometry to display hierarchical structures in a more compact way than 2D: the sons of every node are placed on a 3D cone that connects them to the father, so that the growth of the tree is less than the corresponding 2D geometry; when a node is chosen, the different ....

Robertson GG, Card SK, Mackinlay JD. Cone Trees: Animated 3D visualization of hierarchical information. Proc CHI '91 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: ACM Press, 1991; 189-194.

....issues. Tree maps [3] use enclosure to visualize trees, mapping sub trees onto rectangular areas. They provide a highly space efficient world view, but can suffer from information overload. Hyperbolic trees [4] also improve space efficiency, through the use of noneuclidean geometry. Cone trees [5] use 3D techniques to improve space efficiency, although at the expense of partial occlusion of information. Focus context navigation [2, 7] is facilitated in both cone trees and hyperbolic trees, thus enabling navigation through a hierarchy of information. It should be noted that the previous ....

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D. and Card, S.K., Cone trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information, in Proceedings of CHI'91, ACM Press, 189-194.

....binary trees in 2D [14] Over the past several years, more and more researchers have been exploring advances in 3D graphics hardware and software to produce graph drawings in 3D. Cone trees, a method for drawing hierarchical graphs in 3D, were first introduced by Robertson, Mackinlay and Card [16] as part of their Information Visualizer. The cones are formed by making each internal node of the tree the apex and placing their children around its base. All cones at the same level have the same diameter base, and the diameter of cone bases reduces with depth. The body of each cone is shaded ....

George G. Robertson, Jock D. Mackinlay, and Stuart K. Card, Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualization of Hierarchical Information, in Proceedings of CHI '91, (New Orleans, Louisiana, 1991) 189-94.

....[1,21] That work has been further extended into collaborative windows application in general [22] The use of 3D in user interfaces is well established, especially to visualize data structures. Cone trees use 3D cones to show trees in a form that can be manipulated for different viewpoints [23]. Fisheye views [24] distort, or enlarge, areas of a complex object so that regions of focus or interest are enlarged, and other regions de emphasized; this has been applied in many areas, including groupware [25] and the Web hypermedia [26,2] Haptic feedback is a well established ....

Robertson, G., J. Mackinlay, and S. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualization of hierarchical information, Proc. of Computer-Human Interaction '91, pp. 189-194, 1991.

....for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and or specific permission. 1992 ACM 0 89791 550 X 92 0011 0023. 1.50 structured or large swamps of information. The design was initially targeted at providing an easy tounderstand interface for managing documents stored as digital images in a distributed, multiuser, document database. Associative retrieval seemed ....

....structure in the underlying information. For exam ple, as pointed out in [2] information spaces with a hierarchical structure (e.g. Unix file system) or a linear structure (e.g. sequence of document creation dates) can be supported by appropriate navigable visualiza tions: Cone[Cam Trees 19] and Perspective Walls 12] respectively. The location centric paradigm, however, breaks down in a number of situations. First, a single location is not likely to serve the needs of a large numbers of users, especially if these include occasional users. Furthermore, if the information content ....

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3d visualizations of hierarchi- cal information. In Proceedings SIGCHI '91: Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 189-194. ACM, April 1991.

....and (3) informatio visualizations for interacting with information structure. This document provides a summary of a talk given at AVI 92 on the design rationale for the Information Visualizer (see Table 1) Three CHI 91 papers contain a much more detailed discussion of the system and its ratiqnale [2, 3, 6]. The Information Visualizer research represents a technology exploration motivated by a systems research paradigm that moves iterative]y from analysis to goals to artifacts and back to analysis. This iterative process strives to create abstractions and characterizations that can be used during ....

Robertson, G. G., Mackinlay, J. D., & Card, S. K. Cone Trees: Ani- mated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. Proceedings of ACM CttI'1 (New Orleans, Louisiana), 189-194.

....is that many parts of a task can be off loaded from the user s cognitive system onto their perceptual system, thus enabling more rapid processing. Visualizations (shown in Figures 7 through 12) have been developed for displaying hierarchical, linear, document, temporal, and tabular structures [10, 11, 13, 16, 22, 23]. All these visualizations are focus context techniques which display some portion of the information at a greater level of detail while still displaying all or much of the context. Dynamic control of the focus facilitates exploration of the information to find patterns in the big picture as well ....

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K. Cone trees: Animated 3-D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, April 1991.

....A typical computer user interacts with hierarchies many times each day. Over the last twenty years there has been much research on effective display and interaction with hierarchies: the Smalltalk File Browser in 1979 [19] Fisheye Views in 1986 [9] SemNet in 1986 [8] Cone Trees in 1991 [18]; TreeMaps in 1991 [13] Hyperbolic Browser in 1994 [14] FSViz in 1995 [5] H3 in 1997 [16] Disk Trees in 1998 [7] and many others. In spite of all that research, we still have not solved some basic problems, particularly with scalability (loss of context for large hierarchies) and difficulty ....

....a pivot point. Our user studies confirm that there is a strong user preference for animation and no task performance penalty as long as the animation is keep to one second or less. A review of relevant literature on animation suggests why we obtained those results. Robertson, Card, and Mackinlay [18] reported early results on the use of interactive animation in an information visualization. In the Cone Tree, animation was used during transitions to newly selected nodes. The transformations were complex, possibly involving several simultaneous rotations of sub cones (some clockwise and some ....

Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J., & Card, S. Cone Trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of CHI'91 (New Orleans, LA), ACM, 189-194.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K., Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1991. 189-194.

No context found.

Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J., and Card, S. (1991): Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. Proc. CHI '91, New Orleans, LA, 189--194. ACM Press, Holmquist, L.E. and Ahlberg, C. (1997): Flip Zooming: A Practical Focus+Context Approach to Visualizing Large Information Sets. Proc. HCI International '97, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 763-766.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D. and Card, S.K. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of CHI '91 Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1991, pp. 189-202.

No context found.

Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J., and Card, S. Cone trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. CHI'91, Human Factors in Computing Systems (1991), pp. 189--202.

No context found.

Robertson, G., Mackinlay J. and Card, S.: Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. Human factors in computing systems conference proceedings on Reaching through technology. ACM Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States (1991) 189-194

No context found.

Robertson, G. G. Mackinlay, J. D. Card, S. K. Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information, Proc. Human factors in computing systems conference, March 1991, 189 -- 194.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, S. K. Card, "Cone Tree: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information, SIGCHI'91

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In S. Robertson, G. Olsen, and J. Olsen, eds., Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'91), pp. 189{ 194, ACM, New York, 1991.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In S. Robertson, G. Olsen, and J. Olsen, eds., Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'91), pp. 189-194, ACM, New York, 1991.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In S. Robertson, G. Olsen, and J. Olsen, eds., Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'91), pp. 189-194, ACM, New York, 1991.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. In Proceedings of Human factors in computing system (CHI '91), pp. 189-194, ACM Press, 1991.

No context found.

Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J., and Card, S. Cone trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. CHI'91, Human Factors in Computing Systems (1991), pp. 189--202.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. In Proceedings of CHI '91, pp. 189-194, ACM Press, 1991.

No context found.

Robertson,G.G.,Mackinlay,J.D.andCard,S.K. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. Proceedings of CHI '91. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems New York, 198-194, 1991.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J.D. Mackinlay, S.K. Card, S.P. Robertson, G.M. Olson, and J.S. Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. CHI '91, p.189-94.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K. Cone trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (1991), 189--194.

No context found.

Robertson, G.., Mackinlay, J., and Card, S. (1991): Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p. 189-194.

No context found.

G. Robertson, J. Mackinlay, and S. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3d visualizations of hierarchical information. In CHI '91 Conference Proceedings on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 189--194. ACM Press, 1991.

No context found.

George G. Robertson, Jock D. Mackinlay, and Stuart K. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. CHI'91, pages 189--194, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1991. ACM.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. CHI'91, pages 189--193.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In S. Robertson, G. Olsen, and J. Olsen, eds., Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '91), pp. 189-194, ACM, 1991.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., et al. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. In Proc. of CHI '91, ACM Press, 1991.

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card. Cone trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proc. Human factors in computing systems conference, pages 189--194, 1991. 2, 3

No context found.

G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay, and S. K. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In S. Robertson, G. Olsen, and J. Olsen, eds., Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'91), pp. 189{ 194, ACM, New York, 1991.

No context found.

G.G. Robertson, J.D. Mackinlay and S.K. Card. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. CHI '91 Conf. Proc., pp 189-194, 1991.

No context found.

G. Robertson, J.Mackinlay, S.Card. Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information. In Proc. of CHI'91 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1991, pages 189-194.

No context found.

J. Mackinley, G. Robertson, and S. Card, Cone trees: Animated 3d visualizations of hierarchical information, in: Proceedings of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing, 1991, 189-194.

No context found.

Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D., and Card, S.K. Cone Trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. Proceedings of CHI '91. ACM, 1991. p. 189-194.

No context found.

Robertson, G. G. Mackinlay, J. D. Card, S. K. Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information, Proc. Human factors in computing systems conference, March 1991, 189-194.

First 50 documents  Next 50

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC