| A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433 -- 449, May 1999. |
....and Hebert [8] and Besl [1] studied the difficulties in matching free form objects using point, curve and surface features. The computational complexity of such matching techniques can quickly become prohibitive. For this reason, Besl and McKay [3] Stein and Medioni [20] Johnson and Hebert [11], Chua and Jarvis [5] Zhang and Hebert [23] Yamani et al. 22] and Ruiz Correa et al. 15] have all developed methods to reduce the complexity of the calculations. Nevatia and Binford [12] used generalized cylinders to create symbolic descriptors for recognizing free form articulated objects ....
....[5] developed the point signature , a local descriptor of shape that encodes the minimum distances from points on a 3 D contour to a reference plane. The idea of point signatures was further developed in various investigations. These include the spin image representation of Johnson and Hebert [11], the curvature signatures of Yamani et al. 22] the harmonic shape images of Zhang and Hebert [23] and the spherical spin images of Ruiz Correa et al. 15] Recently, Osada et al. 13] developed the shape signature of a complete 3 D model as a probability distribution sampled from a shape ....
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A. E. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D scenes," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5), pp. 433-449, 1999.
....defined to be the shape context of # # . The descriptor should be more sensitive to differences in nearby pixels, which suggests the use of a log polar coordinate system. An example is shown in Fig. 3(c) A related approach, developed for 3D data, is the spin images technique of Johnson and Hebert [9]. 2.1. Matching Framework The work by Belongie et al. 3] resulted in extremely good performance, e.g. # ### accuracy on the MNIST handwritten digit set, as well as on a variety of 3D object recogni2 (a) b) c) r r r (d) e) f) Figure 3: Shape contexts. a,b) Sampled edge points of two ....
A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3d scenes. IEEE Trans. PAMI, 21(5), May 1999.
....used in the implementation. 2. Using each neighborhood as a support region, compute an intensity descriptor that is invariant to affine geometric and photometric transformations. In Section 2. 2, we discuss a novel descriptor based on spin images that have been used for matching range data [3]. 3. Perform clustering on the affine invariant descriptors and summarize the distribution of descriptors in the form of a signature composed of representative cluster members and weights proportional to cluster sizes (Section 2.3) 4. Compare signatures of different images using the Earth ....
....to eliminate this ambiguity is to represent each normalized patch by a rotationally invariant descriptor. 2.2. Spin Images as Intensity Descriptors In this paper, we describe a novel intensity based rotationinvariant descriptor inspired by the idea of spin images introduced by Johnson and Hebert [3] for matching range data. The spin image proposed in this paper is a twodimensional histogram encoding the distribution of brightness values in an affine normalized patch. The two dimensions of the histogram are d, the distance from the center or the origin of the normalized coordinate system of ....
A. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes", IEEE PAMI, 21(5), pp. 433-449, 1999.
.... and Medioni [13] the point signatures of Chua and Jarvis [2] the shape spectrum scheme of Dorai and Jain [4] the surface signatures from simplex meshes of Yamany et al. 14] the harmonic shape images of Zhang and Hebert [15] and the spin image representation introduced by Johnson and Hebert [9]. The problem of shape based 3 D object recognition in complex scenes is difficult for two principal reasons. In the first place, real range data scenes generally contain multiple objects. The clutter due to the presence of surface points that are not part of the object being sought can cause ....
....interest. This paper addresses the problems described above by proposing a simple and general representation of shape that is amenable for effectively recognizing and locating objects in complex 3 D scenes. The spherical spin image representation (related to the spin image approach introduced in [9]) is a general representation of shape based on a collection of descriptors (spherical spin images) that are robust to scene clutter and occlusion. The paper also considers reducing the dimensionality of the spherical spin images by means of a random projection to a subspace of lower dimension, ....
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A. E. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Ef- ficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D scenes," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5), pp. 433-449, 1999.
....like eigenpictures [11] or eigenshapes [1] or that rely on an initial segmentation of the object [6, 20, 3] Those methods obtain good results on clean images, but their reliance on global properties makes them vulnerable to occlusions. A notable exception are Johnson s and Hebert s spin images [7], object centered local histograms of surface locations, which have been shown to Figure 1. left) Ideal range image of a rubber duck, right) real scan with self occlusion. yield good results with cluttered or occluded objects. As this method is based on finding correspondences between image ....
A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3d scenes. Trans. PAMI, 21(5):433--449, May 1999.
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Andrew E. Johnson and Martial Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), 21(5):433--449, 1999.
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Andrew Johnson and Martial Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3d scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5), 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), 21(5):433--49, May 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Mach. Int. (PAMI), 21(5):433--49, May 1999.
....If the image contains significant noise[17] or clutter, the votes cast by sets of clutter features will overwhelm the votes cast by the object, making it difficult to draw any conclusions about what objects are there. More recently, Belongie et al.[5] extended the notion of 3D shape signatures[18] to 2D shape, for the purpose of edge based recognition. At each edge point in an image, a histogram, or shape context, is calculated; each bin in the histogram counts the number of edge pixels in a neighborhood near the point. Nearest neighbor search then determines correspondences between ....
Andrew Johnson and Martial Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3d scenes. IEEE Trans. PAMI, 21(5), 1999.
....object before a laser scanner (left) we obtain 3D data from various viewpoints (center) and automatically construct a digital version of the original object (right) N input views (V i , i # 1 . N ) are converted to surface meshes (S i , i # 1 . N ) and a surface matching system [6] performs unconstrained pair wise registration on all view pairs. The resulting matches are verified for surface consistency, but some incorrect matches may be locally undetectable and potential correct matches may be missed. The filtered matches are collected in an undirected graph called the ....
Andrew Johnson and Martial Hebert, "Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 433--49, May 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433 -- 449, May 1999.
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Johnson, A.E., and Hebert, M., 1999. Using Spin Images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21 (5), pp. 433-449.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433--449, May 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433--449, May 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes", IEEE Trans. PAMI, 21(5), 1999, pp. 433-449.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3d scenes. IEEE Trans. PAMI, 21(5):433--449, 1999.
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Andrew Johnson and Martial Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433--449, May 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes", IEEE Trans. PAMI, 21(5), 1999, pp. 433-449.
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A. E. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D scenes," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5), pp. 433-449, 1999.
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A. E. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433-449, May 1999.
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A. E. Johnson and M. Hebert. Using spin images for efficient object recognition in cluttered 3D scenes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5):433--449, May 1999.
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A. E. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D scenes," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(5), pp. 433-449, 1999.
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A. Johnson and M. Hebert, "Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes", IEEE Trans. PAMI, 21(5), pp. 433-449, 1999.
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