| IEEE 802 Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. Medium Access Control (MAC) Enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS), IEEE Std 802.11e/D1.4. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, New York, October 2001. |
....in hardware and in execution speed ha vecontributed to the great progress in mathematical calculation speed and accuracy. Along with these advances came the development, in 1985, of a format that would rev olutionize the world of science: the IEEE 754 single and double precision formats [2]. The numbers represen ted under these formats, which are respectively 32 and 64 bits in length, have a greater range than their 2 s complement counterparts. In the early days, there w as no hardware a vailable to implement floating point arithmetics. Theonlyway to perform these operations w ....
IEEE Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic. ANSI/IEEE Standard 754-1985. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.
....2 . 2 Example 1 shows that termination depends on the domain of the computation. However, in the early days of computing the domain of the oating point numbers was completely depending on the actual implementation, making the analysis almost impossible. To solve this problem a number of standards [1, 2, 17] were suggested. As the following example hints, the existing situation, discussed in Section 3, is still not free from anomalies. Example 2. As we have seen in the previous example, if the rounding to the nearest value is assumed, q(1) does not terminate with respect to P 2 . The following ....
....speci c values for the parameters, the set of normalised oating point values FN is f0; i r e p j i; e 2 Z; r i r 1; emin e emaxg and the set of denormalised oating point values FD is f i r j i 2 Z; 1 i r 1g. The main reason for introducing denormalised numbers in [17] is that the gap between zero and the smallest normalised number (r ) is signi cantly bigger than the gap between the smallest normalised number and the second smallest one (r r ) This gap near 0 resulted in a number of anomalies, such as x = y being not equivalent with x y = 0 or 1 ....
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IEEE 802 Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. Medium Access Control (MAC) Enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS), IEEE Std 802.11e/D1.4. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, New York, October 2001.
....it may not be obvious from these transcripts what the NFRs really are. Consequently, the requirements engineer has to interpret these transcripts to identify relevant pieces of information and formulate NFRs as instances of generic requirement categories such as those used as quality factors in [12] and [13] The result of this interpretation process is described in the NFR context of the Structure Model. Information in the Structure Model is generally expressed in terms of nodes and directed links of different types. Specific subsets of node and link types constitute contexts. The basic ....
....then combines parts of the executable functional specification with parts which have already been mapped to the target language, in particular those portions of the design product which are affected by the design decision to be evaluated. Based on the top level requirement categories proposed in [12] and [13] the categories summarized in Table 1 are particularly interesting for KBS development using MIKE. Understandability and, to some extent, robustness seem to be fairly specific for knowledge based applications, while categories like, e.g. security or accuracy, which are important for ....
IEEE Computer Society: IEEE Standard for a Software Quality Metrics Methodology. IEEE Std 1061-1992, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1993.
....flowing through a device. Because the voltage normally varies only a few percent harmonic voltages are generally referred to the fundamental value. THD is then a meaningful number. This is not the case for the current. A small current may have a very high THD but not be a significant problem. In [13] the distortion index Total Demand Distortion (TDD) serve as the basis for the guidelines to avoid the risk of being misled by high current THD for small currents. The TDD is only defined for the current: h:2 h TDD II,rated (2.10) 2.2 Harmonic sources In this section the most important ....
....of the current waveform and spectrum for a PWM voltage source type converter. A current source inverter (CSI) requires a constant current input to the inverter stage. This is achieved with a series inductor on the dc side. Thus, if the filter inductor is large, the dc current is constant [18][13]. The ac side current is then independent of the supply system to which the CSI is connected to [19] As a result the harmonic currents injected does not change significantly if the system impedance at the point of common coupling is changed, while the harmonic voltage distortion produced by the ....
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