Prashant J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S.S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system. In Proceedings of SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN), pages 124--138, San Jose, CA, USA, January 1998.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....on multimedia streaming services and servers has attempted to address this problem and devise solutions that scale in terms of number of users and stream bandwidth. This research includes: 1) Scalable, high performance server and le system or operating system architectures [2] 8] 12] [24]. 2) Network and application level multicast techniques [6] 7] 18] 19] 20] 22] 28] that trade bandwidth and bu er space for interactivity and personalization. 3) Limited caching schemes such as stream patching [17] and pre x caching [23] that improve latency and playback quality ....

....use a novel Rainbow data replacement policy based on the concept of access potential that accurately captures popularity of clip segments. Several research e orts, such as Project MARS [12] Microsoft s TIGER le system [9] Server Array [8] and research reported in the literature [13] 16] [24], 26] have addressed the problem of distributed or striped layouts. The primary focus of these schemes however, has been on video servers constructed using disks or tightly coupled clusters. Also, they focus on optimizing data layouts for high concurrency and balanced operation of clusters under ....

Shenoy, P., \Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System ", Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Aug, 1998.

....without saying that the stored information also needs to be persistent. Tertiary storage Secondary storage Primary storage Main memory Network CPU Server machine Network switch Figure 1.1: A mixed media file system hardware organization. be substantially delayed. The Symphony system [93], for example, calculates a Latest Start Time (LST) schedule for continuous media (real time) requests and allows best effort requests to be serviced first when the latest start time of continuous media request are not violated. A mixed media file system combines best effort (UNIX file system) ....

....can use extra time. Although this policy makes sure that runnable tasks do not have to wait for their next release time, it does not 17 prioritize best effort traffic. Best effort traffic is only scheduled when there is no real time traffic available. 2. 8 Symphony The Symphony file system [93] is a mixed media file system that is capable of storing continuous media and best effort data on the same set of disks. All of Symphony s disks together form a single logical disk. Clients can use the single disk abstraction or find out how their data is laid out on the disks: if clients need ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Prashant J. Shenoy, Pawan Goyal, Sriram S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/dmcl. University of Texas at Austin, 1996.

....missing deadlines. MaxN is calculated manually within each experiment using trial and error. The results presented in Table 1 show that XTREAM provides QoS for disk IO while not significantly under utilizing the system. 4. RELATED WORK Multimedia file system efforts in recent years include [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Of these, the industry initiatives usually do not disclose their implementations. To the best of our knowledge, unlike XTREAM, existing admission controllers for streaming multimedia systems do not use disk modeling based on low level disk profiling. 5. CONCLUSION High performance in XTREAM is ....

P. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. Vin, "Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system," Proc. of the Multimedia Computing and Networking, 1998.

.... aware of can only support CBR streams [3, 12] Alternatively they store VBR streams using either peak rate resource reservations that may reduce resource utilization but not increase server capacity, or statistical QoS guarantees that allow the system to occasionally be overloaded and discard data [14, 18, 24]. The approach of retrieving VBR streams using constant rates, popular with lower bit rate streaming applications, might not solve the general problem either due to arbitrarily large playback initiation latency or client buffer space that it can require with higher quality streams [20, 23] We ....

....(strides) that are sequentially allocated on the disk surfaces. Strides are chosen larger than the maximum stream request size per disk during a round. This size is known in advance for stored streams. Stride based allocation has a number of advantages over schemes that are used in other systems [5, 16, 24]. It sets an upper bound on the estimated disk access overhead, since at most two partial stride accesses will be required to serve the request of a stream on each disk in a round. It eliminates external fragmentation, while keeping internal fragmentation negligible because of the large size of ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Shenoy, P. J., Goyal, P., Rao, S. S., and Vin, H. M. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conf. (San Jose, CA, Jan. 1998), pp. 124--138.

....used as data repositories connected to the network. Multiple client hosts are able to use the server online over the network. Multimedia servers can be of three types: centralized, distributed, and serverless. In a system with a centralized server (e.g. Network File System (NFS) 18] Symphony [19], Continuous Media File System (CMFS) 4] a single dedicated node controls the admission process as well as all other file operations and security issues. All the read write operations are approved and handled by the Cuneyt Akinlar is with the Department of Computer Science, University of ....

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Modeling and Evaluation of Computer Systems, 1998.

....or equal than the period with which a task is admitted. This means that with this type of scheduling, one does not need to wait a full round before a task can be serviced again and is therefore more flexible. Also, the use of a deadline dynamic disk scheduler is not new. The Symphony file system [20] is a mixedmedia file system that is capable of storing continuous media and best effort data on the same set of disks. Symphony s disk scheduler Cello [21] is a two level disk scheduler, where the main class independent scheduler employs a First Come First Serve (FCFS) scheduling policy and a ....

....the performance experiments was to compare the latency for best effort requests when a mixed media load is scheduled by three different deadline dynamic real time disk schedulers. We compared our L scheduler to a scheduler that is loosely based on the Symphony disk scheduler (the LST scheduler) [20, 21], 6 and an EDF scheduler that does not prioritize best effort I O requests. The LST scheduler calculates a latest start time for a released request and schedules a best effort request before a real time request if it finishes at or before the real time request. We expected that using the LST ....

Prashant J. Shenoy, Pawan Goyal, Sriram S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/dmcl. University of Texas at Austin, 1996.

....interactive best effort, soft real time, and throughputintensive best effort. Enabling the co existence of such diverse techniques requires the development of mechanisms that achieve high resource utilization through sharing while isolating the service exported to the different application classes [36]. Figure 7 depicts a two layer architecture for implementing such an integrated file system. This architecture separates data type and application independent mechanisms from specific policies; and implements these mechanisms and policies in separate layers. The lower layer implements core file ....

....layer Data type and applicationspecific layer Figure 7 A two layer file system architecture that separates mechanisms from policies. systems and video on demand servers) integrated file systems have received significant attention recently. Several research projects such as Symphony [36], Fellini [20] and Nemesis [32] as well as commercial efforts such as IBM s Tiger Shark [13] and SGI s XFS [16] have resulted in storage servers employing the integrated architecture. 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS Emerging multimedia applications differ from conventional distributed applications in the ....

P J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S S. Rao, and H M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, pages 124--138, January 1998. 20 Chapter 1

....runs on the server. The clients mount the file system on their hosts, and use the server functionalities seamlessly. Typically, multimedia servers can be of three types: centralized, distributed, and serverless. In a system with a centralized server (e.g. Network File System (NFS) 13] Symphony [15], Continuous Media File System (CMFS) 3] a single dedicated node controls the admission process as well as all other file operations and security issues. All the read write operations are approved and handled by the centralized server. Thus the implementation is simple and the data integrity ....

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin, "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System," ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Modeling and Evaluation of Computer Systems, 1998.

....le system runs on the server. The clients mount the le system on their hosts, and use the server functionalities seamlessly. Multimedia servers can be of three types: centralized, distributed, and serverless. In a system with a centralized server (e.g. Network File System (NFS) 23] Symphony [24], Continuous Media File System (CMFS) 4] a single dedicated node controls the admission process as well as all other le operations and security issues. All the read write operations are approved and handled by the centralized server. Thus the This work was performed when the author was a ....

....a le system manager which manages the le system,s control operations, such as directory operations, meta data operations, le opens and closes, partitions, le and record locking. For normal read write operations the data is transferred directly between the disks and the clients. Symphony [24] is an integrated multimedia le system with a centralized server. The clients access the disks through the server. The data ow for read write operations are also through the server. The architecture of Symphony consists of two layers. The lower layer provides a set of data type independent ....

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Modeling and Evaluation of Computer Systems, 1998.

....le system runs on the server. The clients mount the le system on their hosts, and use the server functionalities seamlessly. Multimedia servers can be of three types: centralized, distributed, and serverless. In a system with a centralized server (e.g. Network File System (NFS) 16] Symphony [17], Continuous Media File System (CMFS) 3] a single dedicated node controls the admission process as well as all other le operations and security issues. All the read write operations are approved and handled by the centralized server. Thus the implementation is simple and the overhead of data ....

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Modeling and Evaluation of Computer Systems, 1998.

....too. Information retrieval of multimedia data is also a current research topic. 3] presents a model and an architecture for distributed information retrieval, which can be used to build a Media Search Service. A lot of research is done in the area of multimedia databases and media servers [12, 16, 1, 10, 14, 15, 9, 17]. So far, only a few proposals for systems which include conventional databases and media server can be found. HERMES [18] and TSIMMIS [6] are based on mediators to integrate different data sources e.g. classical databases and pictorial data. The aim of these projects is the easy integration of ....

Prashant J. Shenoy, Pawan Goyal, Sriram S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. Technical report, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1997.

....services. Also, the selected CPU scheduling mechanism must be well integrated with any OS enhancements aimed at improving the storage and network subsystems. ffl Guaranteed storage access in server OS: In the area of guaranteed storage access, several research groups have focused on developing [96, 102, 125] disk scheduling algorithms for supporting multimedia data retrievals. A few more recent efforts such as [61, 63, 102] address the issues of disk scheduling and storage bandwidth allocation. The problem of minimizing data copying for data transfer between different I O devices has received ....

....the storage and network subsystems. ffl Guaranteed storage access in server OS: In the area of guaranteed storage access, several research groups have focused on developing [96, 102, 125] disk scheduling algorithms for supporting multimedia data retrievals. A few more recent efforts such as [61, 63, 102] address the issues of disk scheduling and storage bandwidth allocation. The problem of minimizing data copying for data transfer between different I O devices has received significant attention in the context of variants of UNIX OS, 18, 19, 48, 49, 97] and more recently in Solaris OS [107, 123, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Shenoy, P., Goyal, P., Rao, S., S., and Vin, H., "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System," Technical Report TR-97-09, Department of Computer Sciences, University. of Texas at Austin, March 1997.

....[Ramakrishnan et al. 93] # Integrated file systems multiplex all available resources (storage space, disk bandwidth, and buffer cache) among all multimedia data. Examples of integrated multimedia file systems are the file system of Nemesis [Barham 97] Fellini [Martin et al. 96] and Symphony [Shenoy et al. 98a] Another way to classify multimedia file systems is to group the systems according to the supported multimedia data characteristics: # General file systems capable of handling multimedia data to a certain extend, e.g. FFS [Leffler et al. 90] and log structured file systems [Rosenblum 95] ....

....low level operations within the device drivers. Fellini [Martin et al. 96] supports storage and retrieval of continuous and discrete multimedia data. The system provides rate guarantees for active clients by using admission control to limit the number of concurrent active clients. Symphony [Shenoy et al. 98a] can manage heterogeneous multimedia data supporting the coexistence of multiple data type specific techniques. Symphony comprises a QoSaware disk scheduling algorithm for real time and nonreal time requests, and a storage manager supporting multiple block sizes and data type specific placement, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Shenoy, P.J., Goyal, P., Rao, S.S., Vin, H.M.: Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System, Proc. of ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking 1998 (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, USA, January 1998, pp. 124138

....[6, 7] These methods improve resource utilization at the risk of application failure. Statistically they are safe but in the worst case it may cause applications to fail because of resource congestion. Another type of admission control is based on separating the applications into service classes [8, 9]. The separation of the admission control functionality based on the service classes application classes isolates one class of applications from effecting other applications, however, within a class there will still be the problem of resource congestion. All of the above mentioned admission ....

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin, "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System," in Proceedings of SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), (San Jose, CA), January 1998.

....types, and it is not possible to provide a general solution which can deal efficiently with all file types. What is needed is an integrated file system, in which strategies for multiple file types coexist, and requests are treated differently depending on their file class. The Symphony file system [8] provides a good example of this approach. 5 The Multi Service Storage Architecture (MSSA) The MSSA [6] is a storage system which has been designed with a layered model to provide extensibility and flexibility. The basic feature taken to be common to all file classes is the low level storage of ....

Prashant J. Shenoy, Pawan Goyal, Sriram S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system. In Proceedings of SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking, January 1998.

....qos guarantees in the form of periodic execution. 1. 1 Research Contributions We would like to note that the shortcomings discussed above have been well known to be performance bottlenecks [2, 12, 13, 21, 26] However, none of the earlier solutions are complete and research efforts such as [3, 4, 15, 18, 25, 28] are underway to rectify them. Please see Section 6) Our work shares some common ideas and objectives with these research efforts. This paper describes our innovative ideas and details the software infrastructure we have developed to implement these ideas. The design, implementation and ....

....it s quantum is not carried over to next round. The low level disk driver always processes request from the tt work queue in fifo fashion and therefore, the work queue must be sorted using an appropriate disk scheduling algorithm, such as the bsd elevator algorithm or newer scheduling algorithms [25, 28, 32] to minimize seek and rotation latencies in each round. 4.3 Implementation of drr with two priority queues We describe a prototype implementation of drr fair queueing in the current bsd unix. In our current implementation, we support two priority classes a non real time request queue and a ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Shenoy, P., Goyal, P., Rao, S., S., and Vin, H., "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System, " Technical Report TR-97-09, Department of Computer Sciences, Univ. of Texas at Austin, March 1997.

....User level hints provide off line polices information regarding which blocks may be good candidates for replacement, allowing appropriate replacement policies for each application. It has been shown that many applications have regular block reference patterns throughout their execution time [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. For example, a large class of scientific applications show a looping reference behavior where blocks are referenced at regular intervals [11] and multimedia applications tend to show a sequential reference pattern [15] These regular reference patterns can be exploited as user level hints. ....

.... reference patterns throughout their execution time [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] For example, a large class of scientific applications show a looping reference behavior where blocks are referenced at regular intervals [11] and multimedia applications tend to show a sequential reference pattern [15]. These regular reference patterns can be exploited as user level hints. However, to obtain user level hints, users need to comprehend the characteristics of the block reference patterns of applications. This requires considerable effort from users, which make it difficult to apply adaptive ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceeding of Multimedia Computing and Networking(MMCN) Conference, pages 124--138, 1998.

....too. Information retrieval of multimedia data is also a current research topic. 3] presents a model and an architecture for distributed information retrieval, which can be used to build a Media Search Service. A lot of research is done in the area of multimedia databases and media servers [16, 20, 1, 12, 18, 19, 11, 23]. So far, only a few proposals for systems which include conventional databases and media server can be found. HERMES [24] and TSIMMIS [7] are based on mediators to integrate different data sources e.g. classical databases and pictorial data. The aim of these projects is the easy integration of ....

Prashant J. Shenoy, Pawan Goyal, Sriram S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. Technical report, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1997.

....provides QOS guarantees in the form of periodic execution. 1.1. Research contributions We would like to note that the shortcomings discussed above are well known performance bottlenecks [1, 11, 12, 16, 19] However, none of the earlier solutions are complete and research efforts such as [2, 3, 14, 18, 21] are underway to rectify these shortcomings. Please see Section 7) Our work shares some common ideas and objectives with these research efforts. This paper describes our innovative ideas and details the software infrastructure we have developed to implement these ideas. The design, ....

....work queue for the round. The disk always drains requests out of the work queue in FIFO order much like the request queue in the present disk driver. The work queue is ordered using an efficient disk scheduling algorithm, such as Grouped Sweep Scheduling (GSS) 26] SCAN EDF [18] or Symphony [21] algorithm, aimed at satisfying real time constraints of multimedia data accesses and optimizing disk utilization. In each round, we achieve fair allocation of storage bandwidth to multiple queues by employing Fair Queueing Algorithms originally devised in the context of fair sharing of a ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Shenoy, P., Goyal, P., Rao, S., S., and Vin, H., "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System," Technical Report TR-97-09, Department of Computer Sciences, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Mar. 1997.

No context found.

P. Shenoy, "Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system," Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, 1994.

No context found.

P. Shenoy, "Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system," Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, 1994.

No context found.

P. Shenoy, "Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system," Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, 1994.

....mechanisms that exploit these semantics to cater to different types of applications, while the latter is typically oblivious of semantics of files and provides a simple best effort service to all applications. Whereas several integrated file systems were designed in the mid 1990s [4] 5] 6] [11], research in integrated file systems has stagnated in the recent past. However, the development and deployment of several new technologies for emerging web based multimedia applications has ne This research was supported in part by an NSF CAREER award CCR 9984030, NSF grants ANI 9977635, ....

P J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S S. Rao, and H M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, pages 124--138, January 1998.

.... in the scheduled queue) as well as the complexity of the scheduler (due to the increased overhead of determining which request to insert into the scheduled queue) 4 Prototype Implementation We have implemented the Cello disk scheduling framework as part of the Symphony multimedia file system [23, 24] on the Solaris 2.5 platform. Our implementation supports three application classes interactive best effort, throughput intensive besteffort, and soft real time. The interface exported by the Cello implementation allows applications to specify a class when opening creating a file; this class is ....

P J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S S. Rao, and H M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, pages 124--138, January 1998.

.... in the scheduled queue) as well as the complexity of the scheduler (due to the increased overhead of determining which request to insert into the scheduled queue) 4 Prototype Implementation We have implemented the Cello disk scheduling framework as part of the Symphony multimedia file system [23, 24] on the Solaris 2.5 platform. Our implementation supports three application classes interactive best effort, throughput intensive besteffort, and soft real time. The interface exported by the Cello implementation allows applications to specify a class when opening creating a file; this class is ....

P. Shenoy. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, August 1998.

....a single server that multiplexes all the resources among multiple application classes. In this paper, we focus on the design of next generation file systems that, unlike conventional file systems, export multiple service classes and simultaneously support heterogeneous data types and applications [16, 19]. We consider two architectural alternatives for designing such file systems (see Figure 1) ffl A partitioned architecture that: 1) divides the server resources among multiple component file systems, each optimized for a particular application class or data type, and (2) employs an integration ....

....data types and applications. However, since such file systems share all resources among all application classes, they can potentially provide better performance to applications as compared to a partitioned system. This hypothesis has been the basis for the design of several integrated file systems [1, 12, 19]. Most of these efforts have focused on the design and analysis of novel techniques for managing resources in integrated servers. Proponents of the partitioned architecture argue that the gains due to integration are insignificant to warrant its increased complexity. Most papers on the design of ....

P J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S S. Rao, and H M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, pages 124--138, January 1998.

....a single server that multiplexes all the resources among multiple application classes. In this paper, we focus on the design of next generation file systems that, unlike conventional file systems, export multiple service classes and simultaneously support heterogeneous data types and applications [16, 19]. We consider two architectural alternatives for designing such file systems (see Figure 1) ffl A partitioned architecture that: 1) divides the server resources among multiple component file systems, each optimized for a particular application class or data type, and (2) employs an integration ....

....data types and applications. However, since such file systems share all resources among all application classes, they can potentially provide better performance to applications as compared to a partitioned system. This hypothesis has been the basis for the design of several integrated file systems [1, 12, 19]. Most papers on the design of integrated file systems implicitly assume that such an architecture is, in fact, necessary and give little justification for the basic approach; instead these papers focus on the design and analysis of novel techniques for managing resources in integrated servers. In ....

P J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S S. Rao, and H M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, pages 124--138, January 1998.

No context found.

Prashant J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S.S. Rao, and Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system. In Proceedings of SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN), pages 124--138, San Jose, CA, USA, January 1998.

No context found.

Shenoy, P.J., Goyal, P., Rao, S.S., Vin, H. "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System", In Proceedings of SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing & Networking (MMCN), 124-138, 1998.

No context found.

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. Rao, and H. M. Vin. Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system. In Proc. ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking, pages 124--138, 1998.

No context found.

Prashant J. Shenoy, Pawan Goyal, Sriram S. Rao, Harrick M. Vin. Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System. In Proceedings of SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN'98), San Jose, CA, pp. 124-138, Jan 1998.

No context found.

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. Vin. Symphony: An integrated multimedia file system. Proceedings of the Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN), 1998.

No context found.

Shenoy, P., "Symphony: An integrated Multimedia File System," Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Aug, 1998.

No context found.

Shenoy, P., \Symphony: An integrated Multimedia File System," Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Aug, 1998.

No context found.

P. J. Shenoy, P. Goyal, S. S. Rao, and H. M. Vin, "Symphony: An Integrated Multimedia File System," in IS&T/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking, pp. 124--138, (San Jose, CA), Jan. 1998.

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