Ellis, C. and J. Wainer. A conceptual model of Groupware. in ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94). 1994. Chapel Hill, North Carolina (USA).  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Pilgrim performance over this interprocess communication layer. Results are good. And thus, our system allows transparent handling of data sharing. Keywords: Cooperative Work, Consistency Protocol, Performance Introduction Studying the di erent mechanisms speci c to co operative applications [Ell94, Neu98], we thought that a co operative application management platform was needed. In [Guy96] we proposed a new platform: CAliF (Cooperative Application Framework) CAliF was de ned with four layers: the interprocess communication layer, the shared memory layer, the services layer and the cooperative ....

C. Ellis and J. Wainer. A conceptual model of groupware. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW'94, pages 79-87, ACM 1994.

....how integrated cooperation and other cooperation scenarios can be described and supported with our model. Keywords Process Modeling, CSCW, Groupware, Cova 1 INTRODUCTION Recent advances of research on supporting cooperative work have resulted in numerous groupware [3] and metagroupware [2, 8] systems, which have different runtime environments and application areas. Although these systems greatly facilitate interactions among widely distributed cooperators, their separation and independence from each other hinder the cooperation among users of different systems. For example, the ....

C A Ellis, J Wainer. A Conceptual Model of Groupware. In: Proc of ACM Conf on CSCW, Chapel Hill, 1994, 7988

....of the framework is to form a visual language for co operative modelling. An RFA net covers work organisation in general, not only the computerised part. On the functional level every function is divided between man and machine. 2 Another model with three levels is developed by Ellis and Wainer [9]. Their conceptual model of groupware (CMG) consists of an ontological model, a coordination model and a user interface model. In the co ordination model an actor which may be a user, a computer system, or a group is playing a particular role with a defined goal. Wilson [32] presents a Role ....

C. Ellis and J. Wainer, "A Conceptual Model of Groupware," CSCW 1994 Proceedings, pp. 79-88, 1994.

....t a) b) Figure 4: a) Groupware as a functional clover and b) its slinky property. Our notions of production and coordination spaces correspond to Ellis ontological and coordination models while our communication space complements Ellis view of the functional decomposition of groupware [11]. Contrary to Ellis s model, user interface issues do not constitute a third functional aspect of groupware. Instead, it is orthogonal to all functional aspects of groupware. As for any domain specific function, the services provided by each of the three functional spaces must be accessible and ....

Ellis, C. and Wainer, J. A Conceptual Model of Groupware, in Proceedings CSCW'94, ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Furuta, R., Neuwirth, C. eds., 1994, 79-88.

....integration is also required, for instance through collective idea generation and discussion. In fact, a common information space is negotiated by the actors involved [2] Coordination is concerned both with the synchronization of activities (sometimes called activitylevel coordination [3]) and the synchronization of concurrent access to shared objects (called object level coordination [3] Design processes are complex and intellectually demanding, and cannot be completely captured in a fixed process definition beforehand. To achieve flexible activity level coordination, ....

.... fact, a common information space is negotiated by the actors involved [2] Coordination is concerned both with the synchronization of activities (sometimes called activitylevel coordination [3] and the synchronization of concurrent access to shared objects (called object level coordination [3]) Design processes are complex and intellectually demanding, and cannot be completely captured in a fixed process definition beforehand. To achieve flexible activity level coordination, facilities are needed to support design process modeling, model execution, and (possibly collaborative) model ....

C. Ellis, J. Wainer, "A Conceptual model of Groupware", in Proceedings of ACM CSCW'94, pp. 79-88, 1994.

....so far ignore this issue. Our model explicitly takes this issue into account, by supporting the representation of concurrent access to shared information. 5.2. Other related models Another interesting approach to describe and compare cooperative systems is the conceptual model presented in [5]. According to this model, a cooperative system consists of three different and complementary models, viz. ontological, coordination and interface. The ontological model is a static description of the objects and operations that the system provides to the user, while the interface model is a ....

....Besides, we take into account both computerised and non computerised services. Some other CSCW systems are based on concepts that are at a different conceptual level than the theories and models discussed. These systems are used to build cooperative systems and are often called meta groupware [5]. Examples of meta groupware include Oval [15] and Lotus Notes [13] Because the concepts present in meta groupware systems are generative concepts, in this paper we have decided to ignore these systems in our research for the time being. 6. Conclusion This paper analyses a number of cooperative ....

Ellis, C. and Wainer, J.: A conceptual Model of Groupware. Proceedings of the of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94), pp. 79-88, 1994.

....so far ignore this issue. Our model explicitly takes this issue into account, by supporting the representation of concurrent access to shared information. 5.2. Other related models Another interesting approach to describe and compare cooperative systems is the conceptual model presented in [4]. According to this model, a cooperative system consists of three different and complementary models, viz. ontological, coordination and interface. The ontological model is a static description of the objects and operations that the system provides to the user, while the interface model is a ....

....Besides, we take into account both computerised and noncomputerised services. Some other CSCW systems are based on concepts that are at a different conceptual level than the theories and models discussed. These systems are used to build cooperative systems and are often called meta groupware [4]. Examples of meta groupware include Oval [15] and Lotus Notes [13] Because the concepts present in meta groupware systems are generative concepts, in this paper we have decided to ignore these systems in our research for the time being. 6. Conclusion This paper analyses a number of cooperative ....

Ellis, C. and Wainer, J.: A conceptual Model of Groupware. Proceedings of the of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94), pp. 7988, 1994.

....directly relevant to supporting human networking. Examples are the fields of computerized conferencing systems [Black, 1987, Swanson, 1993] interoperable databases [Brodie, 1992] and the newly emerging branch of information science called computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) Grudin, 1994, Ellis and Wainer, 1994] However, many of these efforts have in common that they describe technical ways that only support limited, abstract information and communication processes, such as decision making or information retrieval. The result is that users have to master a large number of unrelated tools and ....

....network structure and dynamics constraints. Now that we know about the role of the CSCW system, what does it 29 look like A fundamental conceptual model of groupware has been proposed by Ellis and Wainer, and will be discussed next. 5.7. 1 A Conceptual Model of Groupware Ellis and Wainer [Ellis and Wainer, 1994] describe groupware systems using three models: an ontological model, a coordination model and a user interface model. ffl Ontological Model The ontological model is very important as it provides the basis for an architecture of the system knowledge bases. It can be used by the knowledge ....

Ellis, C. and Wainer, J. (1994). A conceptual model of groupware. In [Furuta and Neuwirth, 1994], pages 79--88.

....systems differ from other applications What parts does a CSCW system have that can be affected by tailoring To answer these questions, we need a system model which is specific enough to identify system parts, however, it must still be abstract enough to be applicable to arbitrary CSCW systems. Ellis and Wainer (1994) define a conceptual model of CSCW systems from the user s 1 view. They identify three parts: the ontological model (the objects and operations which can be seen and applied by the user) the coordination model (the possible user actions and their coordination) and the interface model (how does ....

Ellis, C. A. and Wainer, J.: 1994, A Conceptual Model of Groupware, in R. Furuta and C. Neuwirth (eds), Proc. of the Conf. on Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW'94, ACM Press, New York, pp. 79--88.

....between users) The classical groupware systems include electronic mail, shared editors (Griffon [10] GroupDraw [12] and desktop conferencing, among others. Several general multi layer models have been given in order to offer a rigorous framework for the development of groupwares [16] 14] or [11]. These approaches offer the possibility of adequately defining, for each layer, the sharing and instantiating 1. following C.S. Ellis, a cooperative systems is a computer based system that support groups of people engaged in a common task (or goal) and that provide an interface to a shared ....

C.S. Ellis, J. Waigner. A Conceptual model of Groupware, ACM CSCW'94, Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, USA, 1994.

....have been involved in CSCW. Research issues in this area range from discovering models for interaction to applications development and implementation. On the research front, researchers are concerned with conceptual models for group communication (Bannon and Schmidt, 1991; Smith et al. 1991; Ellis, 1994), concept of information sharing (Hennessy, 1991; DePaoli and Tisato, 1991; Trevor et al. 1994) and exploring communication in collaborative design (Simon et al. 1994; Peng, 1994) Such re CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND 20 search provides a theoretical basis for the design and development of ....

Ellis, C. S. (1994). A conceptual model of groupware, in R. Furuta and C. Neuwirth (eds), Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, ACM, New York, pp. 79--88.

....distant peer TopLevel agent (2) which, in turn, triggers the Media agent of the particular user (3) Direct audio video connections are then established suppressed between the Media agent and the remote subscribers (4) 4. 3 PAC and the Clover model The Clover model, based on Ellis model [11], provides a generic overview of the functional coverage of groupware. As shown in Figure 8, a groupware system covers three domain specific functions: production, coordination and communication [4] The production space denotes the set of domain objects that model the multi user elaboration of ....

Ellis, C. and Wainer, J.: A Conceptual Model of Groupware, in Proceedings CSCW'94, ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Furuta, R., Neuwirth, C. eds., 1994, 79-88.

....the success or failure of a multi disciplinary, multi team design activity is the management and control of the various design activities. Different activities are being carried out at different times for different purposes. They need to provide certain information at particular times [6] Ellis [8] distinguished coordination at two levels: at the activity level and at the object level. Based on this distinction two more requirements can be identified: R3) Support activity level coordination. Activity level coordination refers to the synchronization of activities that make up a procedure. ....

....are developed by using information sharing approaches, such as Flecse [5] CASCADE [1] CEDTS [9] OOWB [7] and CoConut [11] These systems allow a group of designers to concurrently view and even edit shared artifacts. This systems are so called single stage systems according to the definition in [8]. When a group of designers are working on a complex design, the primary means of interaction for them is to interact through the design artifacts. These systems act primarily as a repository for and a controller of access to the artifacts. The collaboration model does not provide any temporal ....

C. Ellis, J. Wainer (1994). "A Conceptual Model of Groupware", In Proc. ACM CSCW'94. pp.79-88.

....each module is only aware of its neighbor timing constraints, the data directed approach lacks mechanisms for the compensation of long term playback trends. Finally, because of its complexity, adding collaboration awareness to applications usually requires their modification as argued by Ellis [32]. The approach taken in this dissertation fits within this classification. Our collaboration aware features are delivered through an object class, referred to as the Replayable object class. 2.10 Concluding Remarks The contributions of this dissertation relate to two main areas of research: ....

C. Ellis and J. Wainer. A conceptual model of groupware. In Proc. of the Fifth Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, pages 79--88, Raleigh, N.C., USA, November 1994.

....configuration management: In CSCW, the general problem of cooperation in an organization has been widely addressed. The results obtained in this field are very encouraging. Different research prototypes and products are now existing [Con88, Mal92] Models for working groups have been proposed [Ell94]. In the business field, there has been a huge amount of research and experimentation. The objective is to improve the quality of company processes. Typical example of such efforts is Business Process Reengineering (BPR) The approaches used here suggest that one of the key factors to improve ....

C. S. Ellis and J. Wainer. "A Conceptual Model of Groupware ". In Proc of conf. on Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW'94. Chappel Hill, NC, USA, October 22-26, 1994.

....of producing an abstract description of an actual or a proposed business process. A characteristic of a business process is that most of its elements are enacted by human actors. Developments on business process modelling have been influenced a lot from other areas like for example CSCW Groupware (Ellis Wainer, 1994), Office Automation (Zisman, 1978; Ellis Bernal, 1982) Software Process Modelling (Curtis et al. 1992) Requirements Modelling (Fickas Finkelstein, 1993) Conceptual Modelling (Brodie et al. 1984) and Transaction Management (W chter Reuter, 1992) Two very important issues in business ....

Ellis, C., & Wainer, J. (1994). A Conceptual Model of Groupware. Proceedings of the Conference of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94). ACM Press, 79-88.

....the data or on the task decomposition. Most importantly, the system should actively support users, both when contributing to processes but also in defining and managing processes. This can also imply specific presentations and interfaces. The idea of generic groupware has been proposed elsewhere [Ellis94]. In fact, over the years several systems have been developed which can be parametrized to some extent (of course, this paper does not provide space for a complete overview) OVAL [Malone92] and PAGES [H mm inen91] for example are messaging systems that allow the exchange of user defined, ....

C.A. Ellis and J. Wainier, "A Conceptual Model of Groupware," in Proceedings CSCW'94.

....a given object) Sophisticated authorization models can be designed by adding structure to the dimensions of the authorization space. The authorization model presented in this section does not focus on BSCW but addresses, in the abstract, the ontological model in the general groupware framework of [EW94]. The model is ACL based: for every object there is a structure describing which subjects have which rights. We use set theory for building these structures but talk about groups, rather than sets. We provide some simple structuring of the subject and rights dimensions. Because, in the abstract, ....

C.S. Ellis and J. Wainer. A Conceptual Model of Groupware. ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94 ), Chapel Hill, N.C. (1994), pp. 79--88.

....groupware tools for these classes. It concentrates on a particular set of groupware functionalities, agents, and their application to a particular class of groups, amorphous groups, of which the Internet is the clearer example. Keywords: groupware model, agents, Internet. 1 Introduction [EW94] proposes a model of groupware in which the central functionalities of a groupware system are classified into three different groups, or aspects. The keeper aspect groups functionalities related to the operations on shared data. The coordinator aspect groups the functionalities related to the ....

....and MovieLens) Others may collect the users public information (WWW home pages) to infer the users profiles. 5 Conclusions The ideas presented in this paper are still tentative. They reflect the current state of the authors discussions on extending the three aspect model of groupware [EW94] The authors realized that the three aspect theory seems to be appropriate in team and organizational groups but fail to explain the groupware tools available in the Internet. Furthermore it fails to explain the increase in (intelligent) agent research and prototypes that support collaborative ....

C. Ellis and J. Wainer. A conceptual model of groupware. In Proceedings of ACM CSCW'94 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Models of Cooperative Work, pages 79--88, 1994.

.... descriptions can be seen as concerning only applications that are triggered by a workflow enactment engine) The need for a static (data) description, a dynamic (process) description and a user interface description in order to fully specify a workflow system agrees with the ideas described in [EW94] The definitions in this paper in general agree with the ones proposed by the Workflow Coalition [Wor] The most relevant difference is the fact that the Workflow Coalition does not define concepts that would correspond to our definition of flow and its correspondent definitions at the enactment ....

C. Ellis and J. Wainer. A conceptual model of groupware. In Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94), pages 79--88, 1994.

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Ellis, C. and J. Wainer. A conceptual model of Groupware. in ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94). 1994. Chapel Hill, North Carolina (USA).

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