Tang, J.C., E.A. Isaacs, and M. Rua, Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, in Proceeding of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 1994, ACM Press: New York. p. 23-34.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....are often available on the home page for the person or organization. By reusing these images, we reduce the human costs of using pictures of people in communication systems and information displays. We have been drawn to this problem by an interest in awareness systems that use glance techniques [4, 5, 11, 15, 22] and also by an interest in email glance displays [7, 13, 14] These displays allow people to minimize the interruption of their current tasks while remaining aware of their communications and work context. The use of pictures of people in these displays can allow us to capitalize on our ability ....

Tang, J., Isaacs, E., and Rua, M. Supporting distributed groups with a montage of lightweight interactions. Proceedings of the 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work.

....(unplanned) nor the structure (unscripted) of the communication is established beforehand. An extensive study of lightweight interactions brief, two person, informal communications among members of a colocated workgroup guided the development of the TeleNotes [28] application. The Montage [24] application uses desktop video conferencing to support lightweight interactions between members of a geographically distributed workgroup. Both applications provide a means to communicate a short asynchronous message to another person. These messages appear as a sort of sticky note on the ....

Tang, J., Issacs, E., Rua, M. (1994). Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. In Proceedings of CSCW '94, pp. 23-34.

.... Informal face to face (FTF) communication has been shown to serve many important functions in organizations, including complex coordination, problem solving, and social learning [9, 10, 11, 21] Early attempts to build tools to support informal communication focused on audio and video environments [1, 4, 7, 19]. However, these attempts have not been widely adopted for several reasons, including the lack of support for core user tasks, cost, privacy concerns, and implementation difficulties [1, 9, 10, 20] Instant Messaging (IM) in contrast, has become of great interest to the CSCW community because it ....

.... which indicate that both phone and FTF conversations tend to be short, frequent, intermittent, and unscheduled [9, 21] Estimates of workplace FTF conversations range from 2 to 15 minutes [10, 21] and interactions in a lightweight desktop videoconference system averaged about 3 minutes [19]. So IM conversations are indeed short, as expected, but that may be the result of being impromptu rather than being in IM. Other impromptu forms of workplace interaction are comparable in duration. Media switching. Many studies have drawn attention to the phenomenon of media switching, where IM ....

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Tang, J., Isaacs, E., &Rua, M. (1994). Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions, Proc. CSCW `94, Chapel Hill, NC, 23-34.

....studies and others, many researchers have built systems to support awareness and opportunistic virtual interactions among distributed groups. The presumption behind the early systems was that high bandwidth connections are needed to support awareness, typically through video and high quality audio [2, 6, 9, 15, 18]. Kraut et al. 12] explained, a technology for informal interaction must support both audio and video communication if we are to successfully simulate chance encounters. Unfortunately, those who have worked with such media find it non trivial to overcome the associated installation, ....

....with, but no one made use of the privacy controls. We even blocked access to our information to model the feature to others, and yet still no one else did so. We have found that privacy features are critical for giving people peace of mind that they can control access, even though they rarely do [18]. Opportunistic Interactions An important purpose of the awareness sounds was to afford opportunistic conversations. In the interviews, many people said they occasionally contacted people after hearing them become active. One person explained that activity sounds are a trigger to tell someone ....

Tang, J., Isaacs, E., & Rua, M. (1994) Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions. Proc. CSCW, Chapel Hill, NC, 23-34.

....provide appropriate assistance, manage movement between individual and shared work among other advantages[4, 13, 27] 2.4. How to provide awareness In the literature, there are several forms of providing awareness. Just to mention a few, telepointers, office snapshots, video glances[29], document project tracking, background noise[3] and radar views[14] Another issue addressed is how to collect awareness[4, 24, 27] There are two basic solutions: whether the awareness is explicitly generated or passively collected and distributed. In the later case, the collaborative system ....

J. C. Tang, E. A. Isaacs, and M. Rua. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, pages 23--34, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 1994. ACM Press.

....interface Patterns of system use User interaction while using the software 3. Results We include results from our analyses in each of the areas outlined above. 3.1. Characterizing the software Table 1: Characterizing the software # References Distribution in time Synchronous 26 70 [3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50] Asynchronous 11 30 [1, 7, 10, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51] Implementation type Academic Research 19 59 [8, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50] Real world 13 41 [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 19, 30, 38, 39, 41, 45, 47, 51] The majority of the papers ....

.... 11, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50] Asynchronous 11 30 [1, 7, 10, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51] Implementation type Academic Research 19 59 [8, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50] Real world 13 41 [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 19, 30, 38, 39, 41, 45, 47, 51]. The majority of the papers introduced synchronous applications. Most of the systems were academic or research implementation, and a smaller number of implementations were installed with in a real world setting. Results are summarized in Table 1 1 . 3.2. Evaluation type The two main types of ....

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Tang, J.C., Isaacs, E.A. and Rua, M. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. CSCW `94, 23-34.

.... video by low fidelity images that are updated periodically, for instance, to convey who is around at the other end [3] Video glances are brief continuous video connections simulating the kind of brief look into a person s office that people take when they walk past or casually check who is around [15]. The awareness support methods investigated in CSCW are typically aimed at well defined groups or communities of people, such as colleagues and buddies. In the context of the World Wide Web, the study of awareness has been extended to groups of people who are dynamically related via web places. ....

Tang, J., Isaacs, E. and Rua, M. Supporting distributed groups with a montage of lightweight interactions. In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94), Chapel Hill, USA, 1994, p. 23-34.

....human to human communication extends current research in computermediated informal communication, audio only social spaces, and use of context to mediate communication. There have been several desktop conferencing tools to support informal awareness, such as Portholes [4] and Montage [16]. While each of these provides some situation awareness and a lightweight interface, each is a desktop application designed for distributed workgroups and requiring explicit user interaction with the desktop box, not as appropriate to the home. These systems provide computer mediated communication ....

Tang, John C., Ellen A. Isaacs and Monica Rua. (1994) Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions. In Proceedings of CSCW '94, pp. 23-34.

....maintain a sense of connection with others within an active communication zone. Finally, we show that IM can be used to switch media in the course of a single communication event. Other recent empirical and systems work on informal communication [16,26,35] awareness [8,13,14] and media spaces [2,10,11,21,22,30,36] has drawn attention to phenomena that relate to outeraction. One particular focus of this work has been conversational initiation. However, such work has yet to be systematically integrated with media theory. Drawing from our examination of IM use in the workplace, we illustrate that some of the ....

....would be necessary to develop general statistics on preferences for IM in the workplace. We now turn to an entirely different and unexpected set of uses of IM, namely to support outeraction. Because informal conversations are not scheduled, negotiating conversational availability is problematic [9,10,16,30,34,35]. Establishing social connection is a critical prelude to interaction. Often informal conversations are comprised of intermittent interactions, so effort must be expended to create and maintain connection with others, and to preserve a sense of conversational context between interactions ....

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Tang, J., Isaacs, E., &Rua, M. (1994). Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions. Proceedings of CSCW ' 94 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 23-34, NewYork: ACMPress.

....from this study was DRAFT 5 that as many as 57 calls did not lead to a conference session. These results motivated research on how to support the coordination activities that take place before the call, to facilitate cooperation. The early experiments with the Montage prototype, described by Tang and Rua (1994), did not clearly demonstrate that the system was used as intended. Systems like Montage and TeamWorkStation have given considerable insight into the possibilities offered by video systems. We wish to complement this work with a study of the use of video within an actual work setting and the ....

Tang, J. C., Isaacs, E. & Rua, M. (1994). Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. In Proceedings of the ACM CSCW'94 Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, (pp. 23-34).

....medium can take many different forms equally successfull. We can imagine at least three basic types of mediaspaces and envisage how physical metaphors are used to aid our interpretation of the systems. One is exemplified by the Xerox Portholes, Bellcore Cruiser and the Sun s Montage system [8] 5] [25] where glances enable a user to briefly look into the office of co workers to asses their communication availability. A second category could be exemplified by Bellcore VideoWall systems [10] which provide open links through which persistent video audio channels are maintained between public ....

Tang J., Isaacs E. and Rua M., "Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions", Proceedings. ACM Conference on Computer Support for Cooperative Work CSCW 94, Chapel Hill, NC, 1994.

.... has involved longer term field studies, installing video systems to evaluate their use (Abel, 1990, Bly, Harrison Irwin, 1993, Gaver, Moran, MacLean, Lovstrand, Dourish, Carter Buxton, 1992, Fish, Kraut, Root Rice, 1992, 1993, Mantei, Baecker, Sellen, Buxton, Milligan Wellman, 1991, Tang, Isaacs Rua, 1994). There are major methodological difficulties in carrying out evaluation studies, particularly in field settings. Most of the work has investigated local area systems, where it is easier to build and maintain high performance systems, and to conduct experiments on intact workgroups. Local area ....

....questions in videoconferences. There were twice as many speaker switches in face to face communication compared with the videoconferencing system, and many more interruptions. Tang and Isaacs also evaluated low quality videophone and videoconferencing systems (Tang Isaacs, 1993, Isaacs Tang, 1994). They found that lagged audio is highly disruptive of turn taking, producing many fewer, longer turns. The study also provides strong subjective support for the importance of low lag audio. Participants preferred to use a separate half duplex speakerphone to reduce delays in audio, even though it ....

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TANG, J., ISAACS, E, & RUA, M. (1994). Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions . In Proceedings of Conference on Computer Supported Co-operative Work, 23-34, New York: ACM Press.

....of continuous video raises issues of giving rather too much information, waisting bandwidth, and compromising privacy. In video glances the continuous video is replaced by a user initiated brief two way video connection to a remote person s location, which is like peeping into a colleague s office [12]. Video snapshots, on the other hand, provide for continuous awareness but replace the continuous video stream with snapshots of low resolution that are updated only every few minutes [10] There are a number of problems associated with video mediated informal awareness. Video provides only ....

Tang, J.C., Isaacs, E., and Rua, M. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94), p: 23-34, 1994.

....opportunistic chat into users everyday applications, we have made considerable effort to design the chat user interface. The current interface is able to convey social cues to the users. I2I was built using the lessons learned from chat systems such as ChatCircles [16] and the Palace visual chat [15]. These systems aim to provide an alternative user interface for the traditional ASCII interfaces, so users can sense the dynamics of the chat room. Although I2I did not employ a fully graphic interface as these systems did, it can achieve similar effects. I2I is also similar to Let s Browse [8] ....

Tang, J.C., Isaacs, E.A., and Rua M. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, in Proceedings of CSCW '94 (Chapel Hill, NC. Dec 1994), ACM Press, 23-34.

....expressed strong concerns about preserving their privacy. 11 Design Guided by these interviews, our previous experiences with the DVC prototype, and lessons learned from other video conferencing efforts (e.g. Dourish Bly, 1993; Fish et al. 1993) we developed a prototype called Montage (Tang Rua, 1994), which tries to provide a sense of proximity for distributed groups. It does so by providing an easy way to make audio video connections between computer desktops and by integrating other communication applications. Montage uses momentary, reciprocal glances among networked, media equipped ....

....visual cues to make such eavesdropping obvious. This symmetry enables users to socially negotiate their privacy. In addition, Montage offers a do not disturb mode that blocks incoming glances. Study To learn how people would use Montage, we deployed the prototype in an existing working group (Tang, Isaacs Rua, 1994). We selected a group of ten people distributed among three buildings on a campus site. The group was multi disciplinary (including marketers, engineers, a manager, and a project coordinator) and it included people who worked part time or telecommuted. As with our other studies, we chose a ....

Tang, J.C., Isaacs, E.A., & Rua, M. (1994). Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, (23-34). Chapel Hill, NC: ACM Press.

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Tang, J.C., E.A. Isaacs, and M. Rua, Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, in Proceeding of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 1994, ACM Press: New York. p. 23-34.

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Tang, John C., Ellen A. Isaacs and Monica Rua. (1994) Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions. In Proceedings of CSCW '94, pp. 23-34. 22

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J. Tang, E. Isaacs, and M. Rua. Supporting distributed groups with a montage of lightweight interactions. Proceedings of the Conference of Computer Supported Co-operative Work, 23-34 1994.

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Tang, J., Isaacs, E. & Rua, M. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, in Proc. CSCW'94 (1994), ACM Press, 23-34.

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Tang, J.C., E.A. Isaacs, and M. Rua, Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, in Proceeding of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 1994, ACM Press: New York. p. 23-34.

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Tang, J., Isaacs, E. & Rua, M. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions, in Proc. CSCW'94 (1994), ACM Press, pp.23-34.

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Tang, J. C., Isaacs, E. & Rua, M. (1994). Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. In Proceedings of the ACM CSCW'94 Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, (pp. 23-34).

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Tang, J.C., E.A. Isaacs, and M. Rua. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'94). 1994. New York: ACM. pp. 23-34.

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John C. Tang, Ellen A. Isaacs and MonicaRua. 1994. Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions. In Proceedings of ACM 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 94). 23-34.

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Tang, J.C., Isaacs, E.A., and Rua, M. [1994]: "Supporting Distributed Groups with a Montage of Lightweight Interactions." In Proceedings of CSCW `94, Chapel Hill, NC.

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