A. Newell. Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In M. C. Yovits, G. T. Jacobi, and G. D. Goldstein, editors, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, pages 393--423, New York, 1962. Spartan Books.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....in di#erent fields of the scientific literature. 4.1 Artificial Intelligence In the Artificial Intelligence (AI) domain the blackboard model for problem solving is one of the first attempts to adaptively integrate di#erent types of knowledge sources. Using ideas proposed independently by Newell [52] and Simon [70] Reddy and Erman implemented the first blackboard system as part of the HEARSAY and HEARSAY II speech understanding programs [63, 19] A blackboard model consists of three major components: the knowledge sources, the blackboard, and the control unit. A blackboard model divides a ....

A. Newell. Some problems of basic organization in problem-solving programs. In Conference of self-organizing systems, pages 393--42, Washington D.C., 1962. Spartan books.

....is research on what is sometimes called shared intelligence , collective intelligence , or group cognition . It has long been recognized that people in groups behave and perform differently than they do individually (e.g. Norman [465] In fact, Newell s influential blackboard model [442] of individual problem solving was inspired by how groups of experts can come together and solve problems in a way that the individuals could not on their own (see Section 5.3) The choice of the term shared intelligence exposes an interest in how intelligent behaviour is not purely a function ....

....only the gross architectural features. As a consequence, the needed concepts are described only briefly here and the reader is referred to the existing literature if a more detailed treatment is called for. Blackboard architectures originated from a problem solving metaphor advanced by Newell [442]. Newell s original metaphor was of a group of experts collaborating on a shared problem by standing around a blackboard and (more or less) taking turns. An illustration of one variant of the metaphor appears in Figure 5.4. An agent model is proposed as an implementation of this metaphor. It has ....

Newell, A. Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, M. C. Yovits, G. T. Jacobi, and G. D. Goldstein, Eds., Spartan Books, 1962, pp. 393--423.

....the dynamic character of contract nets. Cause of the direct agent to agent communication there is no need for an overall control structure allowing a finer degree of control than possible with traditional mechanisms [20] Blackboards. The basic idea of blackboards was first published by Newell [21]. Metaphorically we can think of a set of workers, all looking at the same blackboard: each is able to read everything that is on it, and to judge when he has something worthwhile to add to it. This conception is just that of Selfridges Pandemonium: a set of demons, each independently looking at ....

....is able to read everything that is on it, and to judge when he has something worthwhile to add to it. This conception is just that of Selfridges Pandemonium: a set of demons, each independently looking at the total situation and shrieking in proportion to what they see that fits their nature. [21].Blackboards are a special kind of data structure, often separated in different levels or regions. Knowledge Sources (KS) as the independent processes are called, use this data structure as shared memory. KS write messages and partial results of their computations to the blackboard where other ....

Newell, A.:Some Problems of Basic Organization in Problem Solving Programs, in: Yovits, Jacobi, Goldstein (eds.): Proc. Conference on Self Organizing Systems, Washington, Spartan Books 1962, pp. 393-423

....in which it was composed. The deaccenting mechanism sketched in the present section, however, has been fully implemented, to make sure that the right words within a contrastive constituent (e.g. time) are accented. 4 Towards a Blackboard Model of Accenting Blackboard models or architectures (Newell 1962) were made famous by the hearsay system (e.g. Erman et al..1980) A blackboard architecture is characterized by the existence of a number of independent knowledge sources which can work in parallel and which communicate via a global data structure (i.e. the blackboard) on which they write ....

A.Newell, Some Problems of the Basic Organization in Problem-Solving Programs. In M.C.Yovits, G.T.Jacobi, and G.D.Goldstein, Eds., Proc. of Second Conf. on Self-Organizing Systems, 393-423. Spartan Books.

....incorrectly, with real time problems and, more correctly, with some notion of co operative processing. The architecture as typically implemented is based on the structure of the HEARSAY II system [7, 8, 15] but this is only one possible interpretation of the underlying blackboard metaphor [16]. The metaphor describes the problem solving process in terms of experts who collectively solve problems by writing on a physical blackboard. This is a metaphor for collective and co operative problem solving which incidentally employs a publicly visible store of intermediate results. When ....

....implementations of the standard implementation and we will see how some constraints can be relaxed. Finally, we describe an alternative interpretation that does not have the constraints in their restricting forms. 2 The Blackboard Metaphor The fundamental metaphor was first proposed by Newell [16]. It has since been adopted by all workers in the field. However, it has received one primary interpretation, the one first realised as the HEARSAY II system [7, 8, 15] We will now outline the metaphor in order that readers unfamiliar with it will be in a position to appreciate that which ....

Newell, A., Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs, in Yovits, M. C., Jacobi, G. T. and Goldstein, G. D. (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, pp. 393-423, Spartan Books, New York, 1962.

....that is on it, and to judge when he has something worthwile to add to it. This conception is just that of Selfridge s Pandemonium (Selfridge, 1995) a set of deamons, each independently looking at the total situation and shrieking in proportion to what they see that fits their natures. [7] Later, between 1971 and 1976, the concept was developed further during the Hearsay II speach understanding project [5] leading to the first Blackboard System, commonly known as the HearsayII Speech Understanding System. A Blackboard System consists of 3 parts: Knowledge Sources Independently ....

A. Newell, Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In: M.C. Yovits, G.T. Jacobi, and G.D. Goldstein (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, pp 393--423, Spartan Books, 1962.

....that is on it, and to judge when he has something worthwhile to add to it. This conception is just that of Selfridge s Pandemonium (Selfridge, 1995) a set of deamons, each independently looking at the total situation and shrieking in proportion to what they see that fits their natures. [6] Later, between 1971 and 1976, the concept was developed further during the Hearsay II speech understanding project [9] leading to the first Blackboard System, commonly known as the HearsayII Speech Understanding System. A Blackboard System consists of 3 parts: Knowledge Sources Independently ....

Allen Newell, Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, Yovits, M.C., Jacobi, G.T., and Goldstein (eds.), pp 393-423, Spartan Books, 1962

....(sub )goal, in an overall goal directed system. Passing control to a subroutine amounts to activating a subgoal, and control is returned when that subgoal is consummated. So powerful an idea is this, that its shortcomings were largely overlooked for many years. As early as 1962, however, Allen Newell (Newell, 1962) pointed out some of the rigidity in such an organization. So long as each subroutine is a narrow specialist, such as a routine for searching a list, the usual highly restricted communication between routine and subroutine works well; you can just pass the arguments and a return address to that ....

Newell, A. 1962. "Some Problems of Basic Organization in Problem- Solving Programs," in Self-Organizing Systems, ed. A. Yovitts, G.T. Jacobi, and G. D.

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A. Newell. Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In M. C. Yovits, G. T. Jacobi, and G. D. Goldstein, editors, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, pages 393--423, New York, 1962. Spartan Books.

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Newell, A.:Some Problems of Basic Organization in Problem Solving Programs, in: Yovits, Jacobi, Goldstein #eds.#: Proc. Conference on Self Organizing Systems, Washington, Spartan Books 1962, pp. 393-423

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A. Newell. Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In Proceeding of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, pages 393--423, Washington, DC, 1962.

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Newell, A.: Some Problems of Basic Organization in Problem-Solving Programs. Rand Corporation Memorandum RM-3283-PR, December, 1962.

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A. Newell, Some problems of the basic organization in problem-solving programs. In: M.C. Yovits, G.T. Jacobi, and G.D. Goldstein (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, pp 393--423, Spartan Books, 1962.

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