Hoffmann, B., Krieg-Brckner, B. (eds.): PROgram Development by Specification and Transformation, The PROSPECTRA Methodology, Language Family, and System. LNCS 680. Springer, 1993. http://www.tzi.de/~prospectra  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... are software too [13] A lot of research has been done in this field and, as a result, some proposals have been defined, which can be characterised by the kind of language or formalism used to represent the model: imperative programs [18, 2] transformation rules over specifications and programs [12], composition of inference rules [14] multiview approaches [17] and so on; 7] gives a presentation of many projects recently developed (including exhaustive reference lists) Some methods address to the whole software process, while others focus on a subset of phases of the life cycle (usually, ....

B. Krieg-Brckner (ed.). Program development by Specification and Transformation. LNCS 680, Springer Verlag, 1993.

....1 and so forth. This way, transformational developments can be represented within 9 the infrastructure of Isabelle, allowing browsing and copying developments and abstract operations on them. The hard part with real life design transformations (such as Global Search [8] or Split of Postcondition [5]) is finding the right instantiation of the rule s parameters. In these cases, the instantiation oe above will most likely not be found automatically by Isabelle s unification, but users will have to supply instantiations R 1 ; Rn for the parameters P 1 ; Pn (after careful ....

....proof, forward resolution by dropping a theorem onto a theorem, or rewriting by dropping a rule onto a proof. 5 Conclusions, Related and Future Work The transformational approach to program development has a long tradition, starting from the Munich CIP Project [1] During the PROSPECTRA project [5], a system has been implemented that enabled the formalisation of transformation rules and their use during the software development process; however, this system was severely hampered by its unstructured design and limited reasoning power, defects which we aimed to remedy by using a powerful ....

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. LNCS 690. Springer Verlag, 1993.

.... solutions, due either to the development costs involved in requiring tools to be developed from scratch in a homogeneous language framework or due to the inapplicability of the language framework itself (e.g. the attribute grammars of CSG) in handling the problem domain proper (e.g. proof tools) [25]. More recent systems, such as Centaur [5] and the ASF DSF environment [8] are more open by providing a toolbus for hooking in foreign tools. However, both approaches lack the required features for supporting control and data integration in the large and in the many . In the context of a ....

B. Krieg-Bruckner and B. Hoffmann, editors. Program Development by Specification and Transformation: The PROSPECTRA Methodology, Language Family and System, volume 680 of LNCS. Springer Verlag, 1992.

....of method bodies themselves is not specified except for constructor transformations. No notion of behavioral equivalence or any other relation between original and transformed program is given. Transformations have also been used to transform formal specifications into executable programs [HKB93, Par90]. An integral part of this process is that each step corresponds to a meaning preserving transformation. Studies of evolving specifications have been conducted in [BLY93] This research investigates software transformations that go beyond meaningpreserving program transformations. 8 Conclusion A ....

Berthold Hoffmann and Bernd Krieg-Bruckner. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin, Germany, 1993. Vol. 680.

.... 82] and in Act One [EM 85] Inheritance by specialization was taken from GSBL [CO 88, CO 91a] but similar notions can be found in OBJ [FGJM 85] LOOK and Larch [GH 86] Finally, inheritance by restriction and streams can be found in PAnndA S, the specification language of the PROSPECTRA project [KH 90]. To conclude, it must be said that the combination of all these features makes Glider a specification language which is very powerful and expressive, but not especially complex. Actually, as can be glimpsed in this paper, Glider has extremely simple and uniform semantics. 6. ....

Krieg-Brckner, B.; Hoffmann, B. (eds.) PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. Part I: Methodology, Part II: Language Family, Part III: System. PROSPECTRA Reports M.1.1.S3-R-55.2, -56.2, -57.2. Universitt Bremen (to appear in Springer LNCS).

....of the CIP L sub language for algebraic specifications are (cf. 153, 55, 54, 59, 949] that it provides parameterized, hierarchically structured specifications, partial operations, first order axioms and a loose semantics. PA nn dA S was the specification sub language of the PROSPECTRA project [587, 581, 582, 585, 491, 138]. It has the same characteristics as CIP L, extended by higher order functions, non strict functions for concurrency with streams, etc. and derives its modularization constructs from the target language Ada. The specification language is also used as a meta language to develop efficient ....

.... The algebraic approach has been widely used and intensively studied within the CIP project where a methodology for program development by transformations has been developed (cf. e.g. 56] 57] 161] 162] 946, 171] 54] 767] The ESPRIT project PROSPECTRA is based on this work ([587], 581] 585] It plays also a crucial role within the ESPRIT project METEOR where algebraic specifications form the basis of an object oriented methodology of program development. In the specification language PLUSS [367] 94, 95] linguistic support is provided for the development of ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. Krieg-Bruckner, B. Hoffmann, H. Ganzinger, M. Broy, R. Wilhelm, U. Moncke, B. Weisgerber, A. McGettrick, I. G. Campbell, and G. Winterstein. PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. In Proc. ESPRIT Conf. '86: Results and Achievements, pages 301--312. North-Holland, 1987.

....of the CIP L sub language for algebraic specifications are (cf. 153, 55, 54, 59, 949] that it provides parameterized, hierarchically structured specifications, partial operations, first order axioms and a loose semantics. PA nn dA S was the specification sub language of the PROSPECTRA project [587, 581, 582, 585, 491, 138]. It has the same characteristics as CIP L, extended by higher order functions, non strict functions for concurrency with streams, etc. and derives its modularization constructs from the target language Ada. The specification language is also used as a meta language to develop efficient ....

....functions, non strict functions for concurrency with streams, etc. and derives its modularization constructs from the target language Ada. The specification language is also used as a meta language to develop efficient transformation algorithms and to formalise the development process [583, 585]. ACT ONE [311, 328, 218] is based on the concept of parameterized specifications which includes usual algebraic specification with initial and loose semantics as special cases. The structuring mechanisms for building up larger specifications from smaller pieces are extension, union, renaming, and ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. Krieg-Bruckner. PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. Technique et Science Informatiques. Special Issue on Advanced Software Engineering in ESPRIT, pages 134--149, 1990. Invited paper. \Phi.

....different approaches to parameterization and modularization (Section 3. 3) Most algebraic specification languages (e.g. CLEAR [184] ACT ONE [311, 222] ACT TWO [346, 347] ASL [851] OBJ3 [421, 422] Extended ML [844, 534] CIP L [54] PLUSS [367] LARCH [445, 446] OBSCURE [604, 605] PAnndA S [491], SPECTRAL [590] SPECTRUM [154, 434] offer a full range of operators for building specifications. 3.1 Structuring elements The structuring elements investigated can be roughly divided into concepts supporting the organization of complex specifications, concepts of structured development and ....

....of the CIP L sub language for algebraic specifications are (cf. 153, 55, 54, 59, 949] that it provides parameterized, hierarchically structured specifications, partial operations, first order axioms and a loose semantics. PA nn dA S was the specification sub language of the PROSPECTRA project [587, 581, 582, 585, 491, 138]. It has the same characteristics as CIP L, extended by higher order functions, non strict functions for concurrency with streams, etc. and derives its modularization constructs from the target language Ada. The specification language is also used as a meta language to develop efficient ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner, editors. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. The PROSPECTRA Methodology, Language Family, and System. Springer LNCS 680, 1993. \Phi.

....around a real programming language seems to be novel to EML. Somewhat related is work on the Anna language for annotating Ada programs with assertions concerning their intended behaviour [LHKO87] but this is not intended for formal development of software from specifications (although see [Kri90]) and as far as we are aware there is no formal semantics of Anna nor any intention to formally relate Anna to the semantics of Ada [Ast86] Similar comments apply to Larch [GH93] which has been used in connection with various programming languages having no existing formal semantics. An attempt ....

B. Krieg-Bruckner. PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. Technique et Science Informatiques (1990).

....this premise (see [Wolff 94b] This way, one gets a uniform formal framework, not splitting apart transformational deduction and theorem proving. Conclusion We have presented a notion of higher order, context sensitive and schematic transformation rules, that extends the notion of [CIP 85] and [HK 93] while still providing a simple formal framework. The framework is especially designed for instances of object languages in which variables are externalised. Our approach of the treatment of contexts (indispensable for languages with object level bindings) resolves several shortcomings of the ....

B. Hoffmann, B. Krieg-Brückner (eds.): PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation: Vol. I: Methodology, Vol. II: Language Family, Vol. III System. Prospectra Reports M.1.1.S3-R-55.2, -56.2, -57.2. LNCS 680. Universität Bremen, 1993.

....the range set independent from a, the whole sense of the specification would be lost. See [15] 16] and [17] for non trivial examples of the use of deeply parametric algebraic specifications and their realisation with the help of Pi dependent types. Also the specification systems PROSPECTRA (cf. [8] and [13] and SPECTRAL (cf. 9] make this notion the main specification structuring tool. In SDDP, the Pi products, as introduced in Sec. 2, are asymetric: before the arrow a set, after the arrow a type. Before the reasons for this decision are discussed, let us say something about the typing ....

Krieg-Bruckner B. PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. Technique et Science Informatiques, Special issue on software engineering in ESPRIT, pp. 136--149, 1990

....to build an special purpose tool by encapsulating a formal method into Isabelle. The tool will be the transformation system TAS similar in spirit to window inferencing (Grundy, 1991) as realized for example in the system TkWinHOL (Langbacka et al. 1995) and related to systems such as Prospectra (Hoffmann Krieg Bruckner, 1993). Functional Graphical User Interfaces 15 5.1 Concepts of TAS In this section, we will briefly sketch the basic principles of modelling transformational program developments in an LCF style prover, following the lines of Kolyang, Santen and Wolff (1996a) A transformational development can be ....

Hoffmann, B., & Krieg-Bruckner, B. (1993). Program development by specification and transformation. LNCS, no. 690. Springer.

....notations (including diagrams) of SSADM have been axiomatised in Spectrum which has led to several proposals for improvements of SSADM. There are several software development methods based on formal approaches including the transformational approach of the CIP [BBD 81] and PROSPECTRA [HK93] projects (see Chapter 14) the B method [ALN 91] and the methods used in the projects RAISE [NHWG89] KORSO [PW95] and PROCOS [BLH92] One of the principal design decisions is whether there should be just one language supporting the whole software development process. In this case the ....

Berthold Hoffmann and Bernd Krieg-Bruckner, editors. Program Development by Specification and Transformation, volume 680 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 1993.

....with two case studies. One is an implementation of a graphical user interface for Isabelle itself, offering a deliberately limited abstraction to the underlying Isabelle environment. The other is the transformation system TAS following the prominent approaches of CIP [BBB 85] PROSPECTRA [HK93] and, in particular, KIDS [Smi91] The Transformation Application System TAS offers a high abstraction to Isabelle, a simple design and proven correct transformations which are easy to extend and to modify. As object language for TAS, we chose higher order logic (HOL) which is one instantiation ....

....of these systems will be difficult to maintain and extend, and that our approach offers a greater flexibility, leading to a higher extendability and reusability. The transformational approach has a long tradition, starting from the Munich CIP Project [BBB 85] During the PROSPECTRA project [HK93] a system has been implemented that enabled the formalisation of transformation rules and their use during the software development process; however, this system was severely hampered by its unstructured design and limited reasoning power, defects which we aimed to remedy by using a powerful ....

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. LNCS 690. Springer Verlag, 1993.

....a proof, forward resolution by dropping a theorem onto a theorem, or rewriting by dropping a rule onto a proof. 4 Related and Future Work The transformational approach to program development has a long tradition, starting from the Munich CIP Project [BBB 85] During the PROSPECTRA project [HK93] a system has been implemented that enabled the formalisation of transformation rules and their use during the software development process; however, this system was severely hampered by its unstructured design and limited reasoning power, defects which we aimed to remedy by using a powerful ....

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. LNCS 690. Springer Verlag, 1993.

.... recursion versus iteration (Cooper, 1966; Manna and Vuillemin, 1972) Since then, there has been considerable research on using schemata to formalize various kinds of program development knowledge and the construction of transformation systems based on them (Bauer et al. 1987; Feather, 1987; Hoffmann and Krieg Bruckner, 1993). These techniques also can be reinterpreted as proof by higher order resolution using rules derived in an appropriate theory. A partial example of this is the work of Huet and Lang (1978) who shows that program transformation schemata can be formalized using higher order syntax, derived (via ....

Hoffmann, B., Krieg-Bruckner, B. (1993). Program development by specification and transformation: the PROSPECTRA methodology, language family, and system, volume 680 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag Inc., New York, NY, USA.

....gotos [BW 82] These techniques are applicable mainly to developing the individual functions of a program. Another form of transformation is change of data structure via a form of refinement [BMPW 86] similar to the algebraic approaches discussed in section 3.3. The ESPRIT project PROSPECTRA [Kri 87] is attempting to apply methods similar to those developed in the CIP project to the development of Ada programs by transformation from specifications written in the language Anna [LHKO 87] Apart from the attempt to scale up the ideas to work in the context of Ada (which involves considering ....

Krieg-Br¨uckner, B. et al (the PROSPECTRA project) Program development by specification and transformation. Proc. ESPRIT Conf. '86, pp. 301-312. NorthHolland (1987).

....(design tactics) for each schema. In KIDS, however, there is no general concept of design tactics and how to incorporate a new one into the system. LOPS [BH84] is a system for deductive program synthesis following a fixed procedure. The systems CIP S [CIP87] see also this volume, and PROSPECTRA [HKB93] support transformational program synthesis. All of these systems are designed to support a specific synthesis method. It was not the intention of their creators to integrate these with other ones. 7.2 Future Improvements With the strategies of the current version, program synthesis with IOSS is ....

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner, editors. PROgram Development by SPECification and TRAnsformation, the PROSPECTRA Methodology, Language Family and System. LNCS 680. Springer-Verlag, 1993.

....for transformational program development based on Isabelle. 1 Introduction Graphical user interfaces have been identified as a major potential to increase the usability and productivity of interactive theorem provers (like HOL [GM93] and Isabelle [Pau94] and formal program development tools [HK93, Smi91] The question of how to hide the theorem prover s internals in an easy to use interface which is accessible to the user with little experience in formal logic becomes essential for their wider use in research and industry. The context of this work is the UniForM project [KPO 95] ....

....Generic GUI The Transformation Application System TAS (formerly YATS [KSW96] allows the transformational development of programs. It is based on Isabelle, combining the flexibility of Isabelle with the program development principles of conventional program transformation systems like PROSPECTRA [HK93] or KIDS [Smi91] Briefly, it contains transformation rules, each of which is essentially a tactical program (called the tactical sugar) controlling the application of a logical core theorem of the form 8P 1 ; Pn:A ) I O where P 1 ; Pn are the parameters of the rule, A the ....

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. Number 690 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Verlag, 1993.

....Application System TAS (formerly YATS [KSW96] allows the transformational development of programs. It is based on Isabelle, combining the flexibility of an LCF style theorem prover with the program development principles of conventional program transformation systems like PROSPECTRA [HK93] or KIDS [Smi91] It contains transformation rules, each of which is essentially a tactical program (called the tactical sugar) controlling the application of a logical core theorem of the form 8P 1 ; P n :A ) I O where P 1 ; P n are the parameters of the rule, A the ....

....and a possible operation is to drop an instantiated transformation onto an open transformational development, thus applying it and changing its state as described in section 2. 5 Related Work, Outlook and Conclusion Related Work Pioneer transformation systems are CIP [Bau85] PROSPECTRA [HK93] and KIDS [Smi91] Even if they are clearly superior to ours as far as functionality and userfriendliness is concerned, we believe that they are too monolithic and difficult to change. Our approach offers a greater flexibility, thus allowing extendability and reusability. Other GUIs for specific ....

B. Hoffmann and B. Krieg-Bruckner. Program Development by Specification and Transformation. LNCS 690. Springer Verlag, 1993.

....it to IsaWin or another verification system such as a model checker (presently FDR) The example shows the development of a communication protocol with send receive buffers by a sequence of transformations in CSP. The functionality of TAS subsumes that of a forerunner, the PROSPECTRA system [HK93] However, the basis of Isabelle allows a more compact, more flexible and more powerful realisation: parametrization by additional transformation rules is a matter of minutes (instantiation of a functor rather than recompilation of the whole system ) static semantic analysis can often be mapped ....

Hoffmann, B., Krieg-Brckner, B. (eds.): PROgram Development by Specification and Transformation, The PROSPECTRA Methodology, Language Family, and System. LNCS 680. Springer, 1993. http://www.tzi.de/~prospectra

....of the instantiated development step is verified as a precondition and justification for its application. In the methodology of program development by transformation, such a development step corresponds to the application of a transformation rule or method (CIP [CIP 85, 87] PROSPECTRA [KKLT 91, HK 93] and [Kri 94a, b] are the basis for the work presented here) In contrast to the invent and verify approach, the target is constructed by the transformation, which generates the proof obligation (as the instantiated applicability condition) In both approaches the developer has to have ....

....automation, to relieve the user from superfluous and tedious interactive proofs and to allow composition of rules and the use of rules in tactics without the need for intermediate user interaction. Context sensitivity of rules, e.g. using attributes for checking static semantic conditions (cf. HK 93] will not be discussed here due to lack of space, nor the realisation of effective parameterisation in interactive dialog with the user, appropriate graphical presentation, etc. see also [KM 94] Introduction 3 One way to aid the development of efficient tactical scripts is to use the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Hoffmann, B., Krieg-Brckner, B. (eds.): PROgram Development by Specification and Transformation, The PROSPECTRA Methodology, Language Family, and System. LNCS 680, 1993.

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B. Krieg-Bruckner et al. PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. vol. III (System). PROSPECTRA Report M.1.1.S.3R -57.2, Universitat Bremen, 1990.

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B. Krieg-Bruckner et al. PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. vol. I (Methodology). PROSPECTRA Report M.1.1.S3-R-55.2, Universitat Bremen, 1990.

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B. Hoffmann, B. Krieg-Brückner (eds.): PROgram development by SPECification and TRAnsformation. LNCS 680. 1993.

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